Table of Contents: “…Hegel -- The world as will and idea : Arthur Schopenhauer -- The father of positivism : Auguste Comte -- The saint of liberalism : John Stuart Mill -- The apostle of evolution : Herbert Spencer -- Dialectics and materialism : Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels -- Salvation without a savior : Friedrich Nietzsche -- The advent of existentialism : Sören Kierkegaard -- The return to enlightenment : Ernst Mach.…”