“…The institutional framework of the EU was altered by the pandemic shock of 2020, introducing greater discretion in both monetary and fiscal policy. The changes relate mostly to monetary policy and cast light on the theoretical debates regarding national states and transnational mechanisms in the EU. …”
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“…However, while monetary policy seems to be more effective than fiscal policy in stimulating the growth rate of nominal GDP, fiscal policy tends to have a larger, more predictable and faster impact than monetary policy on the real economic activity. …”
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“…The results show: 1) COVID-19 has made greater impacts on the stock market than the bond market; 2) the economic policy responses after the COVID-19 has brought impacts on both of the stock and the bond markets; 3) the monetary policy responses has brought greater volatility to the stock market than the fiscal policy responses, while the fiscal policy responses has brought greater volatility to the bond market than the monetary policy; 4) the fiscal policy has brought more positive effects on the stock market, and monetary policy has brought more positive effects on the bond market. …”
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“…In this case, optimal fiscal policies should not act in an expansionary way as the effectiveness of fiscal policy with respect to output and employment is rather limited in a small open economy like Slovenia. …”
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“…Our estimation results point out the importance of the heterogenous effects of fiscal policy and shed light on the prospect of fiscal policy in response to economic shocks from the current COVID‐19 pandemic. …”
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“…Fiscal policy implications become an important tool to soften the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. …”
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“…While countercyclical fiscal policy is effective in fighting conventional recessions, little is known about the effectiveness of fiscal policy in the current environment with widespread shelter-in-place (“lockdown”) policies and the associated considerable limits on economic activity. …”
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“…However, this policy mix has proven to be insufficient for reducing the risks of financial instability in the European Union due to the temporary horizon of the centralised fiscal policy and the persistence of adverse shocks. …”
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“…This exploration of UK fiscal rules and the establishment of an independent UK fiscal watchdog focuses on the practical enactment of rules-based fiscal policy to analyse the politics of technocratic economic governance. …”
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“…Diet-related fiscal policy is an effective NCD prevention strategy. …”
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“…The German change of attitude concerning fiscal policy and the mutualisation of efforts to fight the pandemic is driven by self-interest, and as such might be structural.…”
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“…This approach takes into account monetary and fiscal policy interactions and assumes that fiscal policy may determine the price level even if monetary authorities pursue an inflation-targeting strategy. …”
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“…However, because this model is based on a representative-agent paradigm, its Ricardian features make it unsuitable to study many fiscal policy issues. The Global Fiscal Model, which is an annual model…”
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“…Chile is one of several countries that recently implemented a fiscal policy to reduce soft drink (SD) intake and obesity. …”
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