“…Fixed-target collisions offer many physics opportunities related to hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma to extend the research potential of the CERN accelerator complex. …”
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“…The primary goal of ultra-relativistic heavyion collision experiments is to study the nuclear matter and the phase transition of hadronic matter to quark-gluon plasma (QGP) under extreme conditions of high temperature and energy density. …”
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“…The momentum distribution of particle production in heavy-ion collisions encodes information about thermalization processes in the early-stage quark-gluon plasma. We use kinetic theory to study the far-from-equilibrium evolution of an expanding plasma with an anisotropic momentum-space distribution. …”
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“…The quark model has proven successful in describing the basic building blocks of strongly interacting particles in the Standard Model, where hadronic states consist of quarks and gluons. At the same time, Lattice QCD predicts the possibility of glueball candidates in the mass range \mbox{1550--1750} MeV/$c^2$, which have never been observed. …”
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“…In leading order pQCD, direct photons are mainly produced via 2→2 processes, namely quark–gluon Compton scattering and quark–antiquark annihilation. …”
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“…The ALICE detector is designed to study the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a state in which strongly interacting partonic matter is deconfined in a hot and dense medium. …”
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“…These non-UPC measurements provide a novel test of strong-field QED and may be a potentially sensitive electromagnetic probe of the quark-gluon plasma. These measurements include the dependence of the cross-section and angular correlation on the mean-$\p_{\mathrm{T}}$ of the dimuon pair, the rapidity separation between the muons, and the pair angle relative to the second-order event-plane, all measured differentially as a function of the Pb+Pb collision centrality. …”
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“…One of the head investigations at the LHC and ATLAS Experiment is related to the study of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), formed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. …”
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“…Measurements of direct photons can provide valuable information on the properties and dynamics of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP) by comparing them to model calculations that describe the whole evolution of the system created in heavy-ion collisions, from the initial hard scattering to the pre-equilibrium, QGP, and hadronic phases. …”
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“…Particle cascades originating from quarks and gluons decays (jets) are omnipresent in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. …”
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“…Ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions yield a strongly interacting state of hot and dense quark-gluon matter that exhibits a remarkable collective flow behavior with minimal viscous dissipation. …”
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“…The different-flavor dilepton ($\mathrm{e}\mu$) final state is analysed, with dedicated categories targeting gluon fusion, electroweak vector boson fusion, and associated production with a $\mathrm{W}$ or $\mathrm{Z}$ boson. …”
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“…Its chief aim had been the detailed characterization of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in lead-lead collisions. Using additional data sets of proton-lead, proton-proton, and xenon-xenon collisions, the program has also included many advances, for example, in the understanding of the partonic nuclear structure, collectivity in smaller collision systems, and electromagnetic interactions. …”
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“…As a by-product of our analysis, we derive the QCD sum rules for the three form factors describing the meson matrix element of a velocity-changing current operator containing the gluon field-strength tensor.…”
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“…It has been shown that the fraction of heavy quark-antiquark pairs produced in double diffractive scattering amounts to a few percent of the number of QQ pairs produced in hard QCD scattering; therefore, it is necessary to take into account such processes in detecting heavy quarks, in seeking Higgs bosons of intermediate mass, in investigating the suppression of heavy quarkonia in quark-gluon plasma, and so on. It has been demonstrated that the cross section for coherent scattering is so large that this process can be used to study collective effects in nuclei at high energies. …”
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“…This last asymmetry is related to the gluon polarization in the nucleon, and this topic is discussed in some details after a brief review of the main inclusive results.…”
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“…Estimates within the framework of the Quark-Gluon String model suggest cross sections of a few $\mu b$ for $\pi N \to \bar{D} \Lambda_c$ in the region of 1 GeV above threshold. …”
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“…We also present an improved formula for the photon spectrum in B->X_s gamma which includes soft-gluon resummation and non-leading operators in the effective hamiltonian. …”
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“…QCD predicts that under such conditions a phase transition from a system composed of colourless hadrons to a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) should occur. A rich ultrarelativistic heavy-ion physics programme is under way both at BNL-AGS and at CERN-SPS since 1986. …”
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“…Direct photons have been proposed as a promising signature for the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. …”
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