“…During this time, new particles are created from the plasma of quarks and gluons which then decay instantly to SM particles. …”
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“…ALICE is a dedicated heavy-ion detector aiming to study and the characterize the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). It will be undergone to an upgrade program to enable it to reach its physics objectives concerning the dynamics of the QGP after the Long Shutdown 2, foreseen 2018-2019. …”
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“…In the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, a de-confined state of strongly interacting quarks and gluons is expected to form. This state of matter is usually known as the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) and is governed by the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). …”
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“…The experimental identification of $b$-jets and the rejection of the copious backgrounds from $u$, $d$, $s$-quarks and gluon jets is made possible by the relatively long lifetime of $b$-hadrons ($\beta\gamma c\tau = O({\rm mm})$), whose decay particles are thus produced at a secondary vertex which is sufficiently displaced with respect to the primary interaction vertex. …”
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“…The ALICE experiment was specifically designed for the characterization of the nuclear matter at high densities and temperatures, studying the properties of the so-called Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) exploiting nucleus-nucleus (A$-$A) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). …”
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“…One of the main goals of the LHC is to study the matter at high temperature and density where quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts the existence of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. …”
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“…Glueballs are states made up only of gluons, which are the mediators of the strong force. …”
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“…ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the heavy-ion experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN; it is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and in particular the properties of quark-gluon plasma. The experiment took data from 2009 to 2018 (LHC Run1 and Run 2) and went under a major upgrade during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (2018- 2021). …”
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“…According to quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations, under such conditions, the formation of a deconfined medium, the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), is expected. Amongst the most important probes of the properties of the QGP, heavy quarks are of particular interest since they are expected to be produced in hard scattering processes during the early stage of the collision and subsequently interact with the hot and dense medium. …”
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“…The interaction of quarks and gluons, the constituents of all hadrons, is described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong interaction. …”
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“…In particular, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) was developed in order to isolate the signal events from the background, which is mainly composed by top quarks events, non-resonant WW and gluon fusion Higgs boson production mechanism. The DNN yields four scores for each event, corresponding to the degree of compatibility either with the signal or one of the main backgrounds. …”
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“…À cet ordre, la chromodynamique prévoit deux types de diagrammes de Feynman distincts; le premier contient, un quark, un antiquark et deux gluons, et le second, deux quarks et deux antiquarks. …”
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“…Two tasks are important in analyses with b jets in the final state: the correct reconstruction of the jet momentum and the ability to separate b jets from jets originating from gluons, light quarks and charm quarks. We usually talk about "b jet energy regression" for the calibration of the jet transverse momentum and "b tagging" for the discrimination of b jets from the other hadronic jets. …”
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“…The analysis include the study of Gluon Fusion (GGF) and Vector Boson Fusion (VBF) production channels. …”
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“…After LS1 the LHC collision energy has been increased from 8 TeV to 13 TeV, thus enhancing the cross-section to generate heavy particles through the gluon-fusion mechanism. The larger the mass, the larger the cross section increase. …”
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“…Besides testing of the theoretical prediction this measurement can prove important in probing the gluon content of the proton. The first chapter of this work introduces the theoretical framework of the Standard Model and some of its possible extensions. …”
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“…La réalisation de ce programme scientifique passe par une caractérisation du plasma de quarks et de gluons (QGP), l'état déconfiné de la matière nucléaire qui peut être formé à l'aide de collisions d'ions lourds accélérés à des énergies ultra relativistes. …”
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“…This state of matter is called the quark gluon plasma and is similar to the state of our universe short after the Big Bang. …”
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“…Production of charmonia (bound states of $c$ and $\bar{c}$ quarks) and bottomia (boundstates of $b$ and $\bar{b}$) in heavy-ion collisions is considered as an ideal probe to explore the possibility of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) formation in the laboratory. The J/𝜓 suppression is one of the major key to probe the presence of primordial condition of earlier universe. …”
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