“…Cardiovascular considerations of therapies currently used, including remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, ribavirin, interferons, and lopinavir/ritonavir, as well as experimental therapies, such as human recombinant ACE2 (rhACE2), are discussed.…”
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“…A total of 59% (n = 37), 49% (n = 31) and 24% (n = 15) of the patients were on lopinavir/ritonavir, interferons, or steroids, respectively. Mortality was documented in (8%; n = 5) of the patients while 68% (n = 43) of the study cohort recovered. …”
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“…Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are important inducers of the antiviral immune response and immune modulators. …”
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“…Recent report suggests that 10% of patients with life threatening COVID-19 have auto-antibodies (AAbs) against type 1 interferons (IFN-1) but very few describe their impact in LTR. …”
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“…This review summarizes the mechanistic insights into herbal therapy engaging interferons and antibodies to boost the response against SARS-COV-2 infection, several clinical trials, and in silico studies (computational approaches) on selected natural products including, Ashwagandha, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Tulsi, etc. as preventive and therapeutic measures against COVID. …”
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“…Amongst the infected patients, 11 patients were on DMTs (3 rituximab, 2 interferons, 1 azathioprine, 1 mycophenolate, 1 prednisolone, 1 cladribine, 1 alemtuzumab, 1 fingolimod), while 8 patients were untreated. …”
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“…Immune‐modulatory effects included an increase in several plasma cytokines in the OM‐85 group, especially IL‐10 and interferons. Peripheral blood T‐ and B cell subtyping, including regulatory T cells, did not show differences between the groups. …”
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“…EVs were characterized by particle sizing (size and concentration), EV markers, and protein arrays for interferons, cytokines, and other immune mediators content. …”
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“…CMV infection/reactivation is strongly associated with CMV-specific memory T-cell activation and upregulation of type 1 interferons, which may lead to increased risk of TB disease and poor outcomes. …”
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“…During viremic phase (TP1), there was an orchestrated and coordinated up-regulation of immune, inflammation and antiviral genes, consistent with HIV infection and immune activation, which comprised of genes mainly involved in antiviral action of interferons and their signalling. In contrast, the therapy-mediated control phase (TP2) showed systematic down-regulation of these pathways, suggesting that the reduction in plasma viremia with HAART has a considerable influence on reducing the immune activation, thereby implying a definitive role of HIV in subverting the human gene machinery. …”
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“…BACKGROUND: The cytoplasmic RIG-like receptors are responsible for the early detection of viruses and other intracellular microbes by activating the innate immune response mediated by type I interferons (IFNs). RIG-I and MDA5 detect virus-specific RNA motifs with short 5′-tri/diphosphorylated, blunt-end double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and >0.5–2 kb long dsRNA as canonical agonists, respectively. …”
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“…However, uncharacterized components of conditioned medium, such as variable amounts of type I interferons, can affect macrophage activation status and their permissiveness for infection. …”
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“…Influenza virus infections particularly when followed by bacterial superinfections (BSI) result in significant morbidities and mortalities especially during influenza pandemics. Type I interferons (IFNs) regulate both anti-influenza immunity and host susceptibility to subsequent BSIs. …”
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“…Several reports indicate that Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation of DCs is accompanied by a rapid induction of glycolysis; however, the metabolic requirements of retinoic-acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) activation have not defined either in conventional DCs (cDCs) or in plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) that are the major producers of type I interferons (IFN) upon viral infections. To sense viruses and trigger an early type I IFN response, pDCs rely on endosomal TLRs, whereas cDCs employ cytosolic RIG-I, which is constitutively present in their cytoplasm. …”
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“…The efficacy and safety of established DMTs (interferons, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, fingolimod and mitoxantrone) have been well studied and clinical trials with small sample sizes have suggested that emerging DMTs (iteriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate/BG-12, alemtuzumab and pegylated IFN) may have distinct advantages relative to established DMTs including better outcomes and reduced healthcare resource utilization. …”
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“…Upregulation of MHC class I and PDCA1 was observed in microglia and CD11b(+) myeloid cells of lupus-prone mice, indicating they were activated in response to interferons (IFN). Microglial gene expression analysis of FcγRIIB(−/−)Yaa mice revealed the upregulation of IFN-responsive genes and inflammation-related genes including Axl, Clec7a, and Itgax, which were previously reported in neurodegenerative conditions and primed conditions. …”
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“…Gene set enrichment analysis significantly predicted the inhibition of E2F-related signaling pathway but the activation of the interferons (IFNs) and p53-associated cellular functions, which were further validated by luciferase reporter assays in the FOXD1-KD oral cancer cells. …”
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“…The Type I Interferons (IFN-Is) are innate antiviral cytokines that include 12 different IFNα subtypes and IFNβ that signal through the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR), inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that comprise the ‘interferome’. …”
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“…RESULTS: Of the 231,075 eligible pregnancies, 107 were exposed to dexamethasone (0.05%), 31 to interferons (0.01%), 1,398 to heparins (0.60%), 24 to angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) (0.01%), 182 to chloroquine (0.08%), 103 to hydroxychloroquine (0.05%), 6,206 to azithromycin (2.70%), 230 to oseltamivir (0.10%), and 114 to HIV medications (0.05%). …”
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“…Inflammatory factors and type I interferons (IFNs) are key components of host antiviral innate immune responses, which can be released from the pathogen-infected macrophages. …”
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