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  1. 4941
    “…The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. The enzyme pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) of L. donovani acts as a metabolic bypass for drugs targeting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR); therefore, for successful antifolate chemotherapy to be developed against Leishmania, it must target both enzyme activities. …”
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    An orally effective dihydropyrimidone (DHPM) analogue induces apoptosis-like cell death in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani overexpressing pteridine reductase 1
  2. 4942
    “…Leishmaniasis is an increasing public health problem and effective vaccines are not currently available. …”
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    BALB/c Mice Vaccinated with Leishmania major Ribosomal Proteins Extracts Combined with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Become Resistant to Disease Caused by a Secondary Parasite Challenge
  3. 4943
    “…We conclude that IL-15 is not functioning as a universal NK-cell priming signal and that IL-18 contributes to the NK-cell response in visceral leishmaniasis. The cytokine requirements for NK-cell activation appear to differ contingent upon the infectious pathogen.…”
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    IL-18, but not IL-15, contributes to the IL-12-dependent induction of NK-cell effector functions by Leishmania infantum in vivo
  4. 4944
    “…BACKGROUND: In visceral leishmaniasis (VL), phlebotomine vectors are the main target to reduce for control measures. …”
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    Study of house-level risk factors associated in the transmission of Indian Kala-azar
  5. 4945
    “…A better understanding of the various roles of different DC subsets in cutaneous leishmaniasis will improve the development of a potent therapeutic/prophylactic vaccine.…”
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    Langerhans cells are negative regulators of the anti-Leishmania response
  6. 4946
    “…BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a major problem in leishmaniasis chemotherapy. RNA expression profiling using DNA microarrays is a suitable approach to study simultaneous events leading to a drug-resistance phenotype. …”
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    Gene Expression Profiling and Molecular Characterization of Antimony Resistance in Leishmania amazonensis
  7. 4947
    “…Critical to the success of screening strategies is the proper design of the assay, often implying a compromise between ease/speed and a biologically relevant setting. Leishmaniasis is a major neglected disease with limited therapeutic options. …”
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    A Screen against Leishmania Intracellular Amastigotes: Comparison to a Promastigote Screen and Identification of a Host Cell-Specific Hit
  8. 4948
    “…BACKGROUND: Sand fly saliva has been postulated as a potential vaccine or as a vaccine component within multi component vaccine against leishmaniasis. It is important to note that these studies were performed using long-term colonized Phlebotomus papatasi. …”
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    Colonization of Phlebotomus papatasi changes the effect of pre-immunization with saliva from lack of protection towards protection against experimental challenge with Leishmania major and saliva
  9. 4949
    “…On the basis of the data presented in this work, we propose that long-chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase enzyme serves as an important protein and a potential target candidate for development of selective inhibitors against leishmaniasis.…”
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    Bioinformatic Analysis of Leishmania donovani Long-Chain Fatty Acid-CoA Ligase as a Novel Drug Target
  10. 4950
    “…In Bangladesh, serological tests have been widely used for the primary screening of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Several serologic tests are available for the diagnosis of VL. …”
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    Short Communication: Evaluation of a New Rapid Diagnostic Test for Quality Assurance by Kala Azar Elimination Programme in Bangladesh
  11. 4951
    “…We suggest that this model has some striking similarities to the mucocutaneous clinical form of leishmaniasis.…”
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    Characterization of Chronic Cutaneous Lesions from TNF-Receptor-1-Deficient Mice Infected by Leishmania major
  12. 4952
    “…Leishmania species of the subgenus Leishmania and especially L. donovani are responsible for a large proportion of visceral leishmaniasis cases. The debate on the mode of reproduction and population structure of Leishmania parasites remains opened. …”
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    Multifaceted Population Structure and Reproductive Strategy in Leishmania donovani Complex in One Sudanese Village
  13. 4953
    “…(L.) infantum recognized by antibodies present in the sera of dogs with asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Proteins recognized by sera samples were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and identified by mass spectrometry. …”
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    Identification of Proteins in Promastigote and Amastigote-like Leishmania Using an Immunoproteomic Approach
  14. 4954
    “…The in vivo studies were carried out on cutaneous leishmaniasis in outbred mice to evaluate the effects of topical application of the ointment-based extract. …”
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    In vitro and in vivo activities of Peganum harmala extract against Leishmania major
  15. 4955
    “…Auranofin kills the promastigote stage of L. infantum at micromolar concentration; these findings will contribute to the design of new drugs against leishmaniasis.…”
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    A gold-containing drug against parasitic polyamine metabolism: the X-ray structure of trypanothione reductase from Leishmania infantum in complex with auranofin reveals a dual mechanism of enzyme inhibition
  16. 4956
    “…Since 1990, South Asia has experienced a resurgence of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). To determine risk factors for kala-azar, we performed cross-sectional surveys over a 3-year period in a Bangladeshi community. …”
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    Risk Factors for Kala-Azar in Bangladesh
  17. 4957
    “…Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease threatening 350 million people from endemic regions. …”
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    An Image-Based High-Content Screening Assay for Compounds Targeting Intracellular Leishmania donovani Amastigotes in Human Macrophages
  18. 4958
    “…To control the specificity of the rGRA7 other parasitic diseases, for example, echinococcosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, fascioliasis, and strongyloidiasis were tested of which none showed positive results. …”
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    Production and Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii Recombinant GRA7 for Serodiagnosis of Human Infections
  19. 4959
    “…Leishmania (L.) chagasi is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, an important endemic zoonosis in the American continent, as well as in many other countries in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean Europe. …”
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    Antileishmanial Activity of Warifteine: A Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Isolated from Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae)
  20. 4960
    “…Leishmania amazonensis is the etiologic agent of the cutaneous and diffuse leishmaniasis often associated with drug resistance. …”
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    Cytotoxicity and In Vitro Antileishmanial Activity of Antimony (V), Bismuth (V), and Tin (IV) Complexes of Lapachol
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