“…Additionally, we find that weakly hydrated cations are crucial for accomplishing high reaction rates and enabling CO(2) electrolysis in acidic media. …”
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“…Here we introduce Model AB+, for which both mechanisms are simultaneously present, and show that for slow reaction rates the system can undergo a new type of hierarchical microphase separation, which we call ‘bubbly microphase separation’. …”
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“…Reducible oxides are widely used catalyst supports that can increase oxidation reaction rates by transferring lattice oxygen at the metal-support interface. …”
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“…The catalytic colloidosomes are further assembled into a closely packed column for enzymatic reactions in a continuous flow format with enhanced reaction rates. The three-tiered colloidosomes provide a reliable platform to integrate functional building blocks into a biomimetic compartmentalized microreactor with spatially controlled organization and high-performance functions.…”
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“…[Image: see text] Advancing reaction rates for electrochemical CO(2) reduction in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) have boosted the promise of the technology while exposing new shortcomings. …”
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“…We prepared a dimeric Fe(III)(F)−F−Fe(III)(F) complex (1) by reacting [Fe(II)(NCCH(3))(2)(TPA)](ClO(4))(2) (TPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) with difluoro(phenyl)‐λ(3)‐iodane (difluoroiodobenzene). 1 was a sluggish oxidant, however, it was readily activated by reaction with Lewis or Brønsted acids to yield a monomeric [Fe(III)(TPA)(F)(X)](+) complex (2) where X=F/OTf. 1 and 2 were characterized using NMR, EPR, UV/Vis, and FT‐IR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. 2 was a remarkably reactive Fe(III) reagent for oxidative C−H activation, demonstrating reaction rates for hydrocarbon HAT comparable to the most reactive Fe(III) and Fe(IV) oxidants.…”
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“…As the branched chain grows, the reaction paths of C2 and Q2 follow the direction of the reaction of carboxyl and aldehyde groups to CO(2) and CO. Considering the reaction rates and reaction process products of A1, B1, and B3 structures, it is obtained that O(2) has the greatest contribution to the decomposition reaction of aliphatic hydrocarbon structures. …”
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“…Simulations show that the computation performed by the reaction networks is accurate and robust to variations in the reaction rates, within a log-order constraint. Reaction networks are given that compute functions for applications such as image and signal processing, as well as machine learning: arctan, exponential, Bessel, and sinc. …”
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“…Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) FeCrAl alloys have shown promise as candidate materials because of their extraordinarily slow reaction rates under high-temperature steam. However, the addition of the Al element renders the alloy’s high-temperature mechanical properties insufficient. …”
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“…The current hypothesis for the hair preservative effect of scalp cooling is that cooling of the scalp skin reduces blood flow (perfusion) and chemical reaction rates. Reduced perfusion leads to less drugs available for uptake, whereas the reduced temperature decreases uptake of and damage by chemotherapy. …”
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“…Consequently, high substrate conversions coupled with improved product yields (for mono- and diesters) and reaction rates were obtained upon using powder, as opposed to extrudate silica alumina as the support material. …”
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“…These types of measurements have been employed for oxygen ligand exchange in PSII and to discern reaction rates of the carbonic anhydrase reactions. Recent developments have also engaged MIMS for online isotopic fractionation and for the study of reactions in inorganic systems that are capable of water splitting or H(2) generation. …”
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“…To date, particularly successful were strategies involving (a) quantitative measurements of cellular components at the mRNA, protein and metabolite levels, as well as in vivo metabolic reaction rates, (b) development of mathematical models that integrate biochemical knowledge with the information generated by high-throughput experiments, and (c) applications to microbial organisms. …”
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“…Most importantly, the mechanical characteristics of the membrane and its biochemical composition are tightly intertwined; membrane tension and local curvature are largely determined by the biochemical composition of the membrane and the biochemical reactions taking place; at the same time, curvature and tension affect the localization of components and reaction rates. This review focuses on this dynamic interplay and the feedbacks between the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of the membrane and their effects on cell movement. …”
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“…However, such effects on the P(i) → ATP flux are not universally observed under conditions in which mitochondrial function, assessed by other techniques, is impaired, and recent articles have raised concerns about the absolute magnitude of the measured reaction rates. As the application of (31)P-MT techniques becomes more widespread, this article reviews the methodology and outlines our experience with its implementation in a variety of models in vivo. …”
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“…Our tool integrates three specific features of these cells that are not generally included in SSA tools: 1) the time delay between the regulation and synthesis of proteins that is due to transcription and translation processes; 2) cell cycle-dependent periodic changes of gene dosage; and 3) variations in the propensities of chemical reactions that have time-dependent reaction rates as a consequence of volume expansion and cell division. …”
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“…Standard Gibbs energies of reactions are increasingly being used in metabolic modeling for applying thermodynamic constraints on reaction rates, metabolite concentrations and kinetic parameters. …”
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“…The multi-step reaction mechanism consists of two elementary steps in the case of CCl(4) + Cl, and three for the other reactions. Rate constants were calculated using the theoretical method based on the RRKM theory and the simplified version of the statistical adiabatic channel model. …”
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“…Enzymes are highly efficient, which can increase reaction rates by 100 million to 10 billion times faster than any normal chemical reaction. …”
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“…However, intracellular reaction rates can not often be calculated directly but have to be estimated; for instance, via (13)C-based metabolic flux analysis, a model-based interpretation of stable carbon isotope patterns in intermediates of metabolism. …”
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