“…From examination of the earliest design studies introducing simple Zn(II)-binding sites into de novo and natural protein scaffolds to current studies involving the preparation of efficient hydrolytic zinc sites, it is increasingly likely that protein design will achieve reaction rates previously thought possible only for native enzymes. …”
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“…Changes in temperature affect biochemical reaction rates and, consequently, neural processing. The nervous systems of poikilothermic animals must have evolved mechanisms enabling them to retain their functionality under varying temperatures. …”
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“…In addition, (13)C-metabolite fingerprinting and metabolic models can be integrated to quantify carbon fluxes (enzyme reaction rates). The fluxome, in combination with other “omics” analyses, may give systems-level insights into regulatory mechanisms underlying gene functions. …”
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“…Using all-atom simulations with variable solvent viscosity, in conjunction with transition-path sampling to obtain reaction rates and analysis via Markov state models, we are able to determine the internal friction in the folding of several peptides and miniproteins. …”
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“…The hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase into choline was monitored in real-time for a range of acetylcholine concentrations, fused-silica capillary geometries, and operating flow rates. Higher reaction rates and conversion yields were observed with increasing acetylcholine concentrations, as would be expected.…”
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“…Segregation of enzymes that catalyze sequential reactions can alleviate challenges such as toxic pathway intermediates, competing metabolic reactions, and slow reaction rates. Inspired by nature, synthetic biologists also seek to encapsulate engineered metabolic pathways within vesicles or proteinaceous shells to enhance the yield of industrially and pharmaceutically useful products. …”
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“…The reaction kinetics of these response variables were analyzed under isothermal conditions. The reaction rates of the electrical current and color changes were 0.0360 ± 0.0020 (95% confidence limit), 0.0566 ± 0.0026, 0.0716 ± 0.0024, 0.1073 ± 0.0028 µA/min, and 0.0187 ± 0.0005, 0.0293 ± 0.0018, 0.0363 ± 0.0012, 0.0540 ± 0.0019 1/min, at 5, 15, 25, and 35 °C, respectively. …”
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“…A method consisting of the alkaline hydrolysis of tomato pomace by-products has been optimized to obtain a mixture of unsaturated and polyhydroxylated fatty acids as well as a non-hydrolysable secondary residue. Reaction rates and the activation energy of the hydrolysis were calculated to reduce costs associated with chemicals and energy consumption. …”
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“…High concentrations led to high homogeneous copper reaction rates and the heterogeneous copper deposition process was diffusion controlled. …”
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“…Nb(2)O(5) materials display lower reaction rates, which can be attributed to the relatively high average particle size. …”
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“…In all of the solvents without aqueous fluoroalcohol, the reactions of 1 were solvolyzed at a similar rate to those observed for 3, and the reaction rates of 2 were about ten times slower than those of the previously studied p-nitrobenzoyl chloride (p-isomer, 4). …”
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“…On the basis of their reaction rates with ferron reagent, the aluminium species were divided into three categories: monomeric (Al(a)), medium polymerised (Al(b)) and colloidal (Al(c)). …”
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“…We present empirical approximations to the solutions of the advection–diffusion–reaction equation that describe the concentration profiles of signaling molecules for a wide range of flow and reaction rates. These empirical relationships, which predict the distribution of dissolved solutes along pore channels, allow to quantitatively estimate the effective communication distances amongst multiple microbial aggregates without further numerical simulations.…”
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“…However, the disadvantages of these conjugation techniques include the need for a large excess of conjugation building block, comparably low reaction rates and limited stability of FGly‐containing proteins. …”
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“…Multimetallic nanoparticles often enhance the catalytic performance of their monometallic counterparts by increasing reaction rates, catalyst selectivity, and/or stability. …”
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“…Under those conditions, the catalytic reaction rates were promoted beyond the rate of charge transfer to the electrode surface, confirming the non-Faradaic nature of the process. …”
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“…Similar structural features in common aromatic compounds have been observed to facilitate high HOM formation yields, despite the lack of appreciable O(3) reaction rates. Similarly, the recently observed autoxidation and subsequent HOM formation in the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons cannot be initiated by O(3) and require different mechanistic steps for initiating and propagating the autoxidation sequence. …”
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“…This broadly quantifies previously unpredictable specific ion effects, including those known to influence solution properties, virus activities and reaction rates. Furthermore, in non-aqueous solvents, the relative magnitude of the anion series is dependent on the Lewis acidity of the solvent, as measured by the Gutmann Acceptor Number. …”
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“…Duplicated reactions are also applied, and the backward reactions rates are calculated via suitable thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. …”
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“…Here, we propose a novel strategy for the preparation of enzymes-loaded polypeptide microcapsules (EPM) with concentrically encapsulated enzymes to achieve higher cascade reaction rates and minimal emission of cytotoxic intermediates. …”
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