“…The presence of TiO(2) is crucial for achieving higher chemical reaction rates. The Au/TiO(2)/Pt photocathodes synthesized using hot-electron chemistry show a photocatalytic activity of up to 2 times higher than that of a control made with random electrodeposited Pt nanoparticles. …”
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“…The filters achieved high rates of nitrogen transformation along with removing solids (73–82% turbidity removal), chemical oxygen demand (67–75% removal), and phosphorus (31–50% removal). Overall, the reaction rates from this full-scale study were in line with previous lab-scale investigations with scaled-down systems, supporting their application in real-world scenarios. …”
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“…These results are explained by the strong convection, fast reaction rates, and strong NO(x) sensitivity in the tropics and subtropics. …”
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“…Not entirely surprising, the rate and sorption equilibrium constants were found to be explained in part by common factors but of opposite signs: higher and stronger adsorption forces increase reaction rates, but they also make the zeolite active sites less accessible to new reactant molecules. …”
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“…This quantification of volatiles is solely based on repeatedly measured gas‐phase concentrations and allows calculation of reaction rates and yields in high temporal resolution. …”
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“…LLPS gives rise to actual membraneless organelles (MLOs), which do not only increase reaction rates but also act as a filter to select molecules to be retained or to be excluded from the liquid droplet. …”
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“…Proteins are major targets for oxidation reactions, because of their rapid reaction rates with oxidants and their high abundance in cells, extracellular tissues, and body fluids. …”
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“…The model suggests that the dominant mode of mass transport to achieve these high concentrations is by migration, exemplifying how nano-confinement can be used to enhance reaction rates. Experimental and theoretical data show that under mass transport limiting potentials, the nano-confinement has no effect and the reaction only occurs at the entrance of the substrate channel at the nanoparticle surface.…”
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“…Therefore, a grain model was employed as a gasification reaction model. The reaction rates of CO(2) and H(2)O gasification were evaluated based on the DAEM. …”
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“…Meanwhile, an in vitro activity assay confirmed the different reaction rates for Ni(2+) and Co(2+) by CfbA. Based on these structural and functional analyses, the following substrate-SHC-assisted Ni(2+) insertion catalytic mechanism was proposed: Ni(2+) insertion to SHC is promoted by the support of an acetate side chain of SHC.…”
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“…Two mechanisms contributing to turnover stability were found: (i) replacement of methionine side chains prone to oxidative damage and (ii) the reduction of oxygen reactivity achieved by an improved balance of the individual reaction rates in the two CDH domains. The engineered CDH variants hold promise for the application in continuous biosensors or biofuel cells, while the deduced mechanistic insights serve as a basis for future enzyme engineering approaches addressing the turnover stability of oxidoreductases in general.…”
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“…Folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) into cristae greatly increases the ATP-generating surface area, S(IM), per unit volume but also creates diffusional bottlenecks that could limit reaction rates inside mitochondria. This study explores possible effects of inner membrane folding on mitochondrial ATP output, using a mathematical model for energy metabolism developed by the Jafri group and two- and three-dimensional spatial models for mitochondria, implemented on the Virtual Cell platform. …”
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“…The influence of additions, H-abstraction ways and reactive sites on the reaction rates were considered. These polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation pathways were used to improve the combustion chemistry model for C(4) fuels, and the results from the improved model and the original model were compared with experimental data. …”
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“…To understand the origin of the diversity, we analyzed the effects of the expression levels and reaction rates of the ERBB subtypes on the diversity. …”
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“…Concretely, the potential catalysis of the DA reaction through hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl of the furans and carbonyl of the maleimides or ether of the spacers is experimentally and theoretically scrutinized. Initial reaction rates and forward DA rate constants are determined by microcalorimetry at 20 °C for a model series of reversible networks, extended with (i) a hydroxyl-free network and hydroxyl-free linear or branched systems, and (ii) polypropylene glycol additives, increasing the hydroxyl concentration. …”
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“…Further extension of the size of the cluster up to 192 water molecules in the framework of a three-layer QM/QM′/MM model has a negligible effect on the energy barrier ruling the isomerization. Computation of reaction rates by the transition state theory indicates that on icy surfaces, the isomerization of HNC to HCN could occur quite easily even at low temperatures thanks to the reduced activation energy that can be effectively overcome by tunneling.…”
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“…The model explained the experimentally observed responses of the oscillation phase to the temperature shift or the ADP-concentration change and suggested that the ATPase reactions in the CI domain of KaiC affect the period depending on how the reaction rates are modulated. The KaiABC clock provides a unique opportunity to analyze how the reaction-structure coupling regulates the system-level synchronized oscillations of molecules.…”
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“…A robust search strategy identified scientific publications reporting 30 clinical trials, comprising data on 11,736 participants and 86 trial arms, for inclusion in the analysis. Local reaction rates (R (lr)) appeared to be lower in AZB-adjuvanted vaccine treatment arms versus comparator vaccine treatment arms. …”
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“…Intracellular reaction rates depend on concentrations and hence their levels are often regulated. …”
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“…The adsorption of ions to water-hydrophobe interfaces influences a wide range of phenomena, including chemical reaction rates, ion transport across biological membranes, and electrochemical and many catalytic processes; hence, developing a detailed understanding of the behavior of ions at water-hydrophobe interfaces is of central interest. …”
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