“…(13)C metabolic flux analysis ((13)C-MFA) has been widely used to measure in vivo enzyme reaction rates (i.e., metabolic flux) in microorganisms. …”
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“…X‐ray) structures are also needed alongside experimental measurements of reaction rates/KIEs to guide the interpretation of p‐T effects. …”
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“…Also, hydrogen was suggested to consistently diffuse into the defect. The reaction rates and the rate of H diffusion were shown to increase upon increasing the holding time and temperature, and stirring velocity. …”
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“…The benefits of such assemblies in crowded cellular environments include increased reaction rates, efficient feedback regulation, cooperativity and protective functions. …”
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“…EFMs account for (homogeneous) linear constraints arising from reaction irreversibilities and the assumption of steady state; however, other (inhomogeneous) linear constraints, such as minimal and maximal reaction rates frequently used by other constraint-based techniques (such as flux balance analysis [FBA]), cannot be directly integrated. …”
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“…Both isozymes are Mg(2+)-dependent with similar temperature optima (ca. 33°C) and similar K(m) values for chorismate of 34.3 ± 3.7 and 28.8 ± 6.9 µM for ICS1 and ICS2, respectively, but reaction rates were greater for ICS1 than for ICS2, with respective values for V(max) of 63.5 ± 2.4 and 28.3 ± 2.0 nM s(−1) and for k(cat) of 38.1 ± 1.5 and 17.0 ± 1.2 min(−1). …”
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“…Although the Arrhenius equation has been used to describe the effects of temperature on reaction rates and metabolic traits, it does not adequately describe two aspects of the thermal performance curve (TPC) for metabolic rate—that metabolic rate is a unimodal function of temperature often with maximal values in the biologically relevant temperature range and that activation energies are temperature dependent. …”
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“…Proton relays are known to increase reaction rates for H(2) evolution and lower overpotentials in electrocatalytic reactions. …”
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“…An example cell colony is represented by a single point source, a cylindrical volume with homogeneous reaction rates with and without adjusted diffusion coefficient, as point sources for each single cell and as rod‐shaped, diffusion blocking, three‐dimensional cells with varying shapes. …”
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“…The electronic effects of the para-substituent of the aryl Grignard reagents on both the selectivity and reaction rates are thoroughly discussed. The present mechanistic study offers new insight into anionic complexes, which are proposed as the key intermediates in catalytic transformations even though detailed mechanisms are not established in many cases, and demonstrates their synthetic utility as promising intermediates for C–C bond forming reactions, providing useful information for developing efficient and straightforward multicomponent reactions.…”
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“…Once reproducible TF-RDE measurements are obtained, determining the Pt loading on the catalyst support (expressed as Pt wt%) and the electrochemical surface area is necessary to normalize the determined reaction rates to either surface area or Pt mass. For the surface area determination, so-called CO stripping, or the determination of the hydrogen underpotential deposition (H(upd)) charge, are standard. …”
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“…OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of knowledge of beekeepers about venom allergy, epidemiological data, systemic reaction rates, risk factors for systemic reactions, and the rate of emergency admissions after bee sting. …”
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“…The higher electron-donating To(M) complexes show faster initial reaction rates compared to the corresponding Tp* complexes.…”
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“…[Image: see text] Reactions in confined compartments like charged microdroplets are of increasing interest, notably because of their substantially increased reaction rates. When combined with ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), reactions in charged microdroplets can be used to improve the detection of analytes or to study the molecular details of the reactions in real time. …”
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“…When aqueous droplets (ca. 500 nL) containing a sugar and an amine as reagents are allowed to evaporate they may form long-lasting microthin films in which derivatization reactions can occur fast relative to reaction rates in bulk solution. Evidence is presented that these reactions are heterogeneous in nature and comparisons are made with reactions in pastes and in neat reagent mixtures. …”
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“…Put simply, these chemical transformations often need to be selective at a single site on a protein, proceed with very fast reaction rates, operate under biologically ambient conditions and should provide homogeneous products with near perfect conversion2–7. …”
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“…The median time to the first acute exacerbation from the start of treatment in the intervention group (53 days; 25% quartile, 50 days; 75% quartile, 62 days) was significantly longer than that in the control group (37 days; 25% quartile, 23 days; 75% quartile, 39 days; P=0.042). The adverse reaction rates in the intervention and control groups were 14.4 and 10.0%, respectively, without any significant difference. …”
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“…Our findings explain the long-standing conundrum of why apparent reaction rates of oxygen in aquifers are typically smaller than those of nitrate, which is energetically less favorable. …”
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“…We show that head-to-tail peptide macrocyclisations are greatly improved, as measured by isolated yields, reaction rates and product distribution, by substitution of one of the backbone amide C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds with an oxetane ring. …”
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“…Reaction of a solvent-stabilized cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) monotriflate complex with 2-methoxystyrene proceeded via an associative mechanism too. Reaction rates of both solvent-free and solvent-stabilized cationic Mo imido alkylidene NHC catalysts with 2-methoxystyrene are controlled by the cross-metathesis step but not by adduct formation.…”
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