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  1. 501
    “…When an RNAP encountered a nucleosome, it paused with a distinctive 10-bp periodicity and was backtracked by ~10–15 bp. When two RNAPs elongated in close proximity, the trailing RNAP assisted the leading RNAP elongation, reducing its backtracking and enhancing its transcription through a nucleosome by a factor of 5. …”
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    Synergistic action of RNA polymerases in overcoming the nucleosomal barrier
  2. 502
    “…We also find that backtracking occurs stepwise, with states backtracked by at most one base pair forming quickly, and further backtracking occurring slowly. …”
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    Pause sequences facilitate entry into long-lived paused states by reducing RNA polymerase transcription rates
  3. 503
    “…Here we show that the transcription factor GreA inhibits break repair in Escherichia coli. GreA restarts backtracked RNA polymerase (RNAP) and hence promotes transcription fidelity. …”
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    The transcription fidelity factor GreA impedes DNA break repair
  4. 504
    “…The stressed complexes can then either break σ-mediated contacts and continue elongation or isomerize to a backtracked conformation. Suppressing of the RNAP backtracking decreases pausing and increases productive elongation. …”
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    Structural transitions in the transcription elongation complexes of bacterial RNA polymerase during σ-dependent pausing
  5. 505
    por Shaw, Arijit, Meel, Kuldeep S.
    Publicado 2020
    “…Most of the state-of-the-art CDCL SAT solvers employ phase-saving as a phase selection heuristic, which was proposed to address the potential inefficiencies arising from far-backtracking. In light of the emergence of chronological backtracking in CDCL solvers, we re-examine the efficiency of phase saving. …”
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    Designing New Phase Selection Heuristics
  6. 506
    por Smith, A. J., Savery, N. J.
    Publicado 2005
    “…They define a highly conserved surface-exposed patch on the β1 domain of RNAP that is required by Mfd for the initial step of transcription-coupled repair, the enhancement of roadblock repression and the reactivation of backtracked transcription complexes.…”
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    RNA polymerase mutants defective in the initiation of transcription-coupled DNA repair
  7. 507
    “…We also show that floating time is a major uncertainty in source attribution using backtracking.…”
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    Identifying Marine Sources of Beached Plastics Through a Bayesian Framework: Application to Southwest Netherlands
  8. 508
    “…These circuitries prevent backtracking and ensure unidirectionality so that interphase and mitosis are considered bistable states. …”
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    On the assembly of the mitotic spindle, bistability and hysteresis
  9. 509
    “…We propose that induced backtracking represents a distinct mechanistic class of antiviral ribonucleotides.…”
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    Signatures of Nucleotide Analog Incorporation by an RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Revealed Using High-Throughput Magnetic Tweezers
  10. 510
    “…Remarkably, TFIIS(mut) expression also dramatically increases R-loops, which may form at the anterior end of backtracked RNAPII and trigger genome instability, including DNA strand breaks. …”
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    Elongation Factor TFIIS Prevents Transcription Stress and R-Loop Accumulation to Maintain Genome Stability
  11. 511
    “…Thus, the G-dC base pair can induce pausing in post-translocated, pre-translocated, and backtracked states of RNAP. Additionally, a CpG sequence of the template DNA strand spanning the active site of RNAP inhibits elongation and induces G-to-A errors, which leads to backtracking of RNAP. …”
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    Visualizing translocation dynamics and nascent transcript errors in paused RNA polymerases in vivo
  12. 512
    por Xu, Yuan, Zhang, Qiang, Zhou, Changjun
    Publicado 2014
    “…Taking advantage of the combination of the associated matrix and the backtracking method, our method reduces the complexity of enumerating sub-graphs, providing a more efficient solution for motif mining. …”
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    A New Method for Motif Mining in Biological Networks
  13. 513
    “…Transcription by RNA polymerase may be interrupted by pauses caused by backtracking or misincorporation that can be resolved by the conserved bacterial Gre-factors. …”
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    Control of transcription elongation by GreA determines rate of gene expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae
  14. 514
    “…Although the structural foundations of pauses prolonged by backtracking or nascent RNA hairpins are recognized, the fundamental mechanism of the elemental pause is less well-defined. …”
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    The elemental mechanism of transcriptional pausing
  15. 515
    por Campbell, Graham, Plump, Detlef
    Publicado 2020
    “…We present two case studies with backtracking-free graph reduction systems which recognise a class of flow diagrams and a class of labelled series-parallel graphs, respectively. …”
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    Confluence up to Garbage
  16. 516
    “…In this study, we report that bridged H-NS filaments strongly increase pausing by E. coli RNA polymerase at a subset of pause sites with high potential for backtracking. Bridged but not linear H-NS filaments promoted Rho-dependent termination by increasing pause dwell times and the kinetic window for Rho action. …”
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    Bridged filaments of histone-like nucleoid structuring protein pause RNA polymerase and aid termination in bacteria
  17. 517
    “…By interacting with the RNA polymerase secondary channel, the Gre factors prevent backtracking of paused complexes to avoid arrest during transcriptional elongation. …”
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    Gre factors-mediated control of hilD transcription is essential for the invasion of epithelial cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
  18. 518
    “…The Pol I structure in the post-cleavage backtracked state shows that the C-terminal zinc ribbon of RPA12 inserts into an open funnel and facilitates “dinucleotide cleavage” on mismatched DNA–RNA hybrid. …”
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    Structure of the human RNA polymerase I elongation complex
  19. 519
    “…Our multi-round approach can recover several expected behaviors, showing that the transcription process for the studied sequences can be accelerated up to 48% when collisions are allowed: the dwell times on pause sites are reduced as well as the distance that the RNAPs backtracked from backtracking sites.…”
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    Cooperative RNA Polymerase Molecules Behavior on a Stochastic Sequence-Dependent Model for Transcription Elongation
  20. 520
    por Bi, Xia-an, Zhao, Junxia
    Publicado 2017
    “…The hierarchical trie structure in our algorithm not only adopts trie path compression to eliminate backtracking, but also solves the problem of low efficiency of trie updates, which greatly improves the performance of the algorithm.…”
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    Hierarchical trie packet classification algorithm based on expectation-maximization clustering
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