“…From first principles, we also re-derive the Jüttner velocity distribution showing that, even without interatomic collisions, two-level atoms will relax to the state satisfying the Maxwell–Jüttner velocity distribution when they are moving in blackbody radiation fields.…”
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“…The cell of a temperature calibrator was modified to serve as the standard temperature of the blackbody. The errors of measurement for the two meters were reduced by the calibration equation. …”
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“…The determination of the ratios of spectral radiance of tungsten-strip lamps to a gold-point blackbody at a wavelength of 654.6 nm is detailed. …”
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“…Impacts on gate fidelity due to coupling to other molecular states, imperfect ground-state cooling, blackbody radiation and vacuum spontaneous emission are small, leading to potential fidelity above 99.99% in a coherent quantum system that can be scaled by purely optical means.…”
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“…The HTCP process of PbSe films was implemented in a CdSe/PbSe heterojunction PV detector, which exhibits a room temperature peak detectivity D* of 8.5 × 10(8) cm Hz(1/2) W(−1) in the mid-wavelength infrared region under blackbody radiation (227 °C), demonstrating potential applications in the fabrication of mid-infrared detectors and emitters.…”
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“…The currently used energy methods in spectral emissivity measurement are susceptible to the difference in temperature between the target and the reference blackbody. It is also limited by the state of the observation target and observation. …”
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“…The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments distribute data by leveraging a diverse array of National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), where experiment data management systems treat networks as a ``blackbox'' resource. After the High Luminosity upgrade, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment alone will produce roughly 0.5 exabytes of data per year. …”
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“…The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments distribute data by leveraging a diverse array of National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), where experiment data management systems treat networks as a ``blackbox'' resource. After the High Luminosity upgrade, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment alone will produce roughly 0.5 exabytes of data per year. …”
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“…This study presents an original approach on how to generate a radiator with an emissivity less than one by using a conventional blackbody and a screen with a defined area density of holes. …”
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“…Covering arrays are structures for well-representing extremely large input spaces and are used to efficiently implement blackbox testing for software and hardware. This paper proposes refinements over the In-Parameter-Order strategy (for arbitrary t). …”
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“…The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. …”
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“…The intercomparison revealed no statistically significant differences between spectral-irradiance scales based on blackbody physics and absolute detector radiometry.…”
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“…In this planar Au/Al(2)O(3)/Au metasurface emitter, orthogonal rectangular Au patches are arrayed alternately and exhibit nearly perfect blackbody emission at 4.26 and 3.95 μm necessary for CO(2) monitoring at the electric power reduced by 31%. …”
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“…This model outperformed a state-of-the-art blackbox optimization algorithm by using 71% fewer steps on both simulations and real reactions. …”
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“…Experimental results show that the temperature of the sample can be as high as 108 °C, which is ~23 °C higher than that of a blackbody control sample under the same solar radiation. …”
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“…A fully transportable laser heterodyne radiometer (LHR), involving a flexible polycrystalline mid-infrared (PIR) fiber-coupling system and operating around 8 µm, was characterized and optimized with the help of a calibrated high temperature blackbody source to simulate solar radiation. Compared to a mid-IR free-space sunlight coupling system, usually used in a current LHR, such a fiber-coupling system configuration makes the mid-infrared (MIR) LHR fully transportable. …”
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“…This framework constructs adversarial attack flows designed to evade detection by five BlackBox ML-based IDSs. SGAN-IDS employs generative adversarial networks and self-attention mechanisms to generate synthetic adversarial attack flows that are resilient to detection. …”
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