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The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans

The recent discovery of the same Clostridioides difficile ribotypes associated with human infection in a broad range of environments, animals and foods, coupled with an ever-increasing rate of community-acquired infections, suggests this pathogen may be foodborne. The objective of this review was to...

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Autores principales: Bolton, Declan, Marcos, Pilar
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10000743/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36900611
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051094
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author Bolton, Declan
Marcos, Pilar
author_facet Bolton, Declan
Marcos, Pilar
author_sort Bolton, Declan
collection PubMed
description The recent discovery of the same Clostridioides difficile ribotypes associated with human infection in a broad range of environments, animals and foods, coupled with an ever-increasing rate of community-acquired infections, suggests this pathogen may be foodborne. The objective of this review was to examine the evidence supporting this hypothesis. A review of the literature found that forty-three different ribotypes, including six hypervirulent strains, have been detected in meat and vegetable food products, all of which carry the genes encoding pathogenesis. Of these, nine ribotypes (002, 003, 012, 014, 027, 029, 070, 078 and 126) have been isolated from patients with confirmed community-associated C. difficile infection (CDI). A meta-analysis of this data suggested there is a higher risk of exposure to all ribotypes when consuming shellfish or pork, with the latter being the main foodborne route for ribotypes 027 and 078, the hypervirulent strains that cause most human illnesses. Managing the risk of foodborne CDI is difficult as there are multiple routes of transmission from the farming and processing environment to humans. Moreover, the endospores are resistant to most physical and chemical treatments. The most effective current strategy is, therefore, to limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics while advising potentially vulnerable patients to avoid high-risk foods such as shellfish and pork.
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spelling pubmed-100007432023-03-11 The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans Bolton, Declan Marcos, Pilar Foods Perspective The recent discovery of the same Clostridioides difficile ribotypes associated with human infection in a broad range of environments, animals and foods, coupled with an ever-increasing rate of community-acquired infections, suggests this pathogen may be foodborne. The objective of this review was to examine the evidence supporting this hypothesis. A review of the literature found that forty-three different ribotypes, including six hypervirulent strains, have been detected in meat and vegetable food products, all of which carry the genes encoding pathogenesis. Of these, nine ribotypes (002, 003, 012, 014, 027, 029, 070, 078 and 126) have been isolated from patients with confirmed community-associated C. difficile infection (CDI). A meta-analysis of this data suggested there is a higher risk of exposure to all ribotypes when consuming shellfish or pork, with the latter being the main foodborne route for ribotypes 027 and 078, the hypervirulent strains that cause most human illnesses. Managing the risk of foodborne CDI is difficult as there are multiple routes of transmission from the farming and processing environment to humans. Moreover, the endospores are resistant to most physical and chemical treatments. The most effective current strategy is, therefore, to limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics while advising potentially vulnerable patients to avoid high-risk foods such as shellfish and pork. MDPI 2023-03-04 /pmc/articles/PMC10000743/ /pubmed/36900611 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051094 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Perspective
Bolton, Declan
Marcos, Pilar
The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans
title The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans
title_full The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans
title_fullStr The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans
title_full_unstemmed The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans
title_short The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans
title_sort environment, farm animals and foods as sources of clostridioides difficile infection in humans
topic Perspective
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10000743/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36900611
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051094
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