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The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans
The recent discovery of the same Clostridioides difficile ribotypes associated with human infection in a broad range of environments, animals and foods, coupled with an ever-increasing rate of community-acquired infections, suggests this pathogen may be foodborne. The objective of this review was to...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10000743/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36900611 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051094 |
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author | Bolton, Declan Marcos, Pilar |
author_facet | Bolton, Declan Marcos, Pilar |
author_sort | Bolton, Declan |
collection | PubMed |
description | The recent discovery of the same Clostridioides difficile ribotypes associated with human infection in a broad range of environments, animals and foods, coupled with an ever-increasing rate of community-acquired infections, suggests this pathogen may be foodborne. The objective of this review was to examine the evidence supporting this hypothesis. A review of the literature found that forty-three different ribotypes, including six hypervirulent strains, have been detected in meat and vegetable food products, all of which carry the genes encoding pathogenesis. Of these, nine ribotypes (002, 003, 012, 014, 027, 029, 070, 078 and 126) have been isolated from patients with confirmed community-associated C. difficile infection (CDI). A meta-analysis of this data suggested there is a higher risk of exposure to all ribotypes when consuming shellfish or pork, with the latter being the main foodborne route for ribotypes 027 and 078, the hypervirulent strains that cause most human illnesses. Managing the risk of foodborne CDI is difficult as there are multiple routes of transmission from the farming and processing environment to humans. Moreover, the endospores are resistant to most physical and chemical treatments. The most effective current strategy is, therefore, to limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics while advising potentially vulnerable patients to avoid high-risk foods such as shellfish and pork. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10000743 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100007432023-03-11 The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans Bolton, Declan Marcos, Pilar Foods Perspective The recent discovery of the same Clostridioides difficile ribotypes associated with human infection in a broad range of environments, animals and foods, coupled with an ever-increasing rate of community-acquired infections, suggests this pathogen may be foodborne. The objective of this review was to examine the evidence supporting this hypothesis. A review of the literature found that forty-three different ribotypes, including six hypervirulent strains, have been detected in meat and vegetable food products, all of which carry the genes encoding pathogenesis. Of these, nine ribotypes (002, 003, 012, 014, 027, 029, 070, 078 and 126) have been isolated from patients with confirmed community-associated C. difficile infection (CDI). A meta-analysis of this data suggested there is a higher risk of exposure to all ribotypes when consuming shellfish or pork, with the latter being the main foodborne route for ribotypes 027 and 078, the hypervirulent strains that cause most human illnesses. Managing the risk of foodborne CDI is difficult as there are multiple routes of transmission from the farming and processing environment to humans. Moreover, the endospores are resistant to most physical and chemical treatments. The most effective current strategy is, therefore, to limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics while advising potentially vulnerable patients to avoid high-risk foods such as shellfish and pork. MDPI 2023-03-04 /pmc/articles/PMC10000743/ /pubmed/36900611 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051094 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Perspective Bolton, Declan Marcos, Pilar The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans |
title | The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans |
title_full | The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans |
title_fullStr | The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans |
title_full_unstemmed | The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans |
title_short | The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Humans |
title_sort | environment, farm animals and foods as sources of clostridioides difficile infection in humans |
topic | Perspective |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10000743/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36900611 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12051094 |
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