Adolescent and young adult research across the HIV prevention and care continua: an international programme analysis and targeted review

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to rise in young people among low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) supports the largest public investment in HIV research globally. Despite advancements in the last decade, adolescents and young adults (AYA) remain underrepresented in research to improve HIV prevention and care. We undertook a programme analysis of NIH grants and conducted a targeted review of linked publications on international AYA research across the HIV prevention and care continuum (HPCC) to inform new initiatives to address the needs of AYA in these settings. METHODS: NIH‐funded grants from 2012 to 2017, pertaining to AYA in LMIC, and evaluating areas of HIV prevention, care and/or treatment were identified. A systematic review of publications limited to funded grants was performed in two waves: 2012–2017 and 2018–2021. The review included a landscape assessment and an evaluation of NIH‐defined clinical trials, respectively. Data on outcomes across the HPCC were abstracted and analysed. RESULTS: Among grant applications, 14% were funded and linked to 103 publications for the analytic database, 76 and 27 from the first and second waves, respectively. Fifteen (15%) wave 1 and 27 (26%) wave 2 publications included an NIH‐defined clinical trial. Among these, 36 (86%) did not target a key population (men who have sex with men, drug users and sex workers) and 37 (88%) were exclusively focused on sub‐Saharan Africa. Thirty (71%) publications addressed at least one HPCC milestone. Specific focus was on milestones in HIV prevention, care or both, for 12 (29%), 13 (31%) and five (12%) of publications, respectively. However, few addressed access to and retention in HIV care (4 [14%]) and none included microbicides or treatment as prevention. More focus is needed in crucial early steps of the HIV care continuum and on biomedical HIV prevention interventions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Research gaps remain in this portfolio across the AYA HPCC. To address these, NIH launched an initiative entitled Prevention and Treatment through a Comprehensive Care Continuum for HIV‐affected Adolescents in Resource Constrained Settings (PATC(3)H) to generate needed scientific innovation for effective public health interventions for AYA affected by HIV in LMIC.