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Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze biomarkers that might predict the severity and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, both in the acute phase and after recovery. Methods: Unvaccinated patients infected with the original strain of COVID-19 requiring ward (Group 1, n = 48) or ICU...

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Autores principales: Sánchez-Díez, Silvia, Gómez-Ollés, Carlos, Cruz, María-Jesús, de Homdedeu, Miquel, Espejo, David, Ferrer, Jaume, Roca, Oriol, Pacheco, Andrés, Muñoz, Xavier
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
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Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10047501/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36975498
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45030128
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author Sánchez-Díez, Silvia
Gómez-Ollés, Carlos
Cruz, María-Jesús
de Homdedeu, Miquel
Espejo, David
Ferrer, Jaume
Roca, Oriol
Pacheco, Andrés
Muñoz, Xavier
author_facet Sánchez-Díez, Silvia
Gómez-Ollés, Carlos
Cruz, María-Jesús
de Homdedeu, Miquel
Espejo, David
Ferrer, Jaume
Roca, Oriol
Pacheco, Andrés
Muñoz, Xavier
author_sort Sánchez-Díez, Silvia
collection PubMed
description Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze biomarkers that might predict the severity and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, both in the acute phase and after recovery. Methods: Unvaccinated patients infected with the original strain of COVID-19 requiring ward (Group 1, n = 48) or ICU (Group 2, n = 41) admission were included. At the time of admission (visit 1), a clinical history was acquired, and blood samples were obtained. One and six months after discharge from the hospital (visits 2 and 3, respectively), a clinical history, lung function tests, and blood samples were carried out. At visit 2, patients also underwent a chest CT scan. Different cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-ɣ, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and TNF-α) and lung fibrosis biomarkers (YKL-40 and KL-6) were measured in blood samples obtained at visits 1, 2, and 3. Results: At visit 1, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 levels were higher in Group 2 (p = 0.039, 0.011, and 0.045, respectively), and IL-17 and IL-8 levels were higher in Group 1 (p = 0.026 and 0.001, respectively). The number of patients in Groups 1 and 2 who died during hospitalization was 8 and 11, respectively. YKL-40 and KL-6 levels were higher in patients who died. Serum YKL-40 and KL-6 levels determined at visit 2 correlated negatively with FVC (p = 0.022 and p = 0.024, respectively) and FEV1 (p = 0.012 and p = 0.032, respectively) measured at visit 3. KL-6 levels also correlated negatively with the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who required ICU admission had higher levels of Th2 cytokines, while patients admitted to the ward showed an innate immune response activation, with IL-8 release and Th1/Th17 lymphocyte contribution. Increased levels of YKL-40 and KL-6 were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients.
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spelling pubmed-100475012023-03-29 Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Sánchez-Díez, Silvia Gómez-Ollés, Carlos Cruz, María-Jesús de Homdedeu, Miquel Espejo, David Ferrer, Jaume Roca, Oriol Pacheco, Andrés Muñoz, Xavier Curr Issues Mol Biol Article Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze biomarkers that might predict the severity and progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, both in the acute phase and after recovery. Methods: Unvaccinated patients infected with the original strain of COVID-19 requiring ward (Group 1, n = 48) or ICU (Group 2, n = 41) admission were included. At the time of admission (visit 1), a clinical history was acquired, and blood samples were obtained. One and six months after discharge from the hospital (visits 2 and 3, respectively), a clinical history, lung function tests, and blood samples were carried out. At visit 2, patients also underwent a chest CT scan. Different cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-ɣ, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and TNF-α) and lung fibrosis biomarkers (YKL-40 and KL-6) were measured in blood samples obtained at visits 1, 2, and 3. Results: At visit 1, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 levels were higher in Group 2 (p = 0.039, 0.011, and 0.045, respectively), and IL-17 and IL-8 levels were higher in Group 1 (p = 0.026 and 0.001, respectively). The number of patients in Groups 1 and 2 who died during hospitalization was 8 and 11, respectively. YKL-40 and KL-6 levels were higher in patients who died. Serum YKL-40 and KL-6 levels determined at visit 2 correlated negatively with FVC (p = 0.022 and p = 0.024, respectively) and FEV1 (p = 0.012 and p = 0.032, respectively) measured at visit 3. KL-6 levels also correlated negatively with the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who required ICU admission had higher levels of Th2 cytokines, while patients admitted to the ward showed an innate immune response activation, with IL-8 release and Th1/Th17 lymphocyte contribution. Increased levels of YKL-40 and KL-6 were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients. MDPI 2023-03-01 /pmc/articles/PMC10047501/ /pubmed/36975498 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45030128 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Sánchez-Díez, Silvia
Gómez-Ollés, Carlos
Cruz, María-Jesús
de Homdedeu, Miquel
Espejo, David
Ferrer, Jaume
Roca, Oriol
Pacheco, Andrés
Muñoz, Xavier
Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
title Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
title_full Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
title_fullStr Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
title_full_unstemmed Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
title_short Biomarker Profiles Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Mortality
title_sort biomarker profiles associated with covid-19 severity and mortality
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10047501/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36975498
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45030128
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