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Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults
The positivity effect for metacognitive judgments (judgments of learning, JOLs) of emotional words in recognition memory was shown in older adults, in contrast to younger adults, who typically displayed the emotional salience effect. This is compatible with the socioemotional selection theory, which...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10052143/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36976133 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030040 |
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author | Sun, Xiaojun Jiang, Yingjie |
author_facet | Sun, Xiaojun Jiang, Yingjie |
author_sort | Sun, Xiaojun |
collection | PubMed |
description | The positivity effect for metacognitive judgments (judgments of learning, JOLs) of emotional words in recognition memory was shown in older adults, in contrast to younger adults, who typically displayed the emotional salience effect. This is compatible with the socioemotional selection theory, which suggests the presence of a positive stimulus bias in older adults’ cognitive processes. This study examined whether the positivity effect and age-related differences could be extended to a picture study to determine whether the positivity effect in older adults is robust in the metacognitive domain. Younger and older adults studied negative, positive, and neutral pictures, followed by JOLs and then a recognition test that asked participants to judge whether the picture was shown in the studying stage or not. Age-related differences were found not only in recognition memory performance for emotional pictures but also in JOLs and their accuracy. Younger adults showed an emotional salience effect for both memory performance and JOLs. Older adults’ JOLs showed a positivity effect, but their actual memory performance was influenced by emotion, and this inconsistency between metacognitive judgments and memory performance is a metacognitive illusion. These findings support the cross-material replicability of a positivity bias in older adults in the metacognitive domain and suggest that we should be cautioned about the detrimental effects of this metacognitive illusion in older adults. It illustrates an age difference in the effect of emotion on individual metacognitive monitoring ability. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10052143 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-100521432023-03-30 Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults Sun, Xiaojun Jiang, Yingjie J Intell Article The positivity effect for metacognitive judgments (judgments of learning, JOLs) of emotional words in recognition memory was shown in older adults, in contrast to younger adults, who typically displayed the emotional salience effect. This is compatible with the socioemotional selection theory, which suggests the presence of a positive stimulus bias in older adults’ cognitive processes. This study examined whether the positivity effect and age-related differences could be extended to a picture study to determine whether the positivity effect in older adults is robust in the metacognitive domain. Younger and older adults studied negative, positive, and neutral pictures, followed by JOLs and then a recognition test that asked participants to judge whether the picture was shown in the studying stage or not. Age-related differences were found not only in recognition memory performance for emotional pictures but also in JOLs and their accuracy. Younger adults showed an emotional salience effect for both memory performance and JOLs. Older adults’ JOLs showed a positivity effect, but their actual memory performance was influenced by emotion, and this inconsistency between metacognitive judgments and memory performance is a metacognitive illusion. These findings support the cross-material replicability of a positivity bias in older adults in the metacognitive domain and suggest that we should be cautioned about the detrimental effects of this metacognitive illusion in older adults. It illustrates an age difference in the effect of emotion on individual metacognitive monitoring ability. MDPI 2023-02-21 /pmc/articles/PMC10052143/ /pubmed/36976133 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030040 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Sun, Xiaojun Jiang, Yingjie Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults |
title | Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults |
title_full | Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults |
title_fullStr | Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults |
title_full_unstemmed | Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults |
title_short | Metacognitive Illusions: A Positivity Effect in Judgments of Learning for Older but Not Younger Adults |
title_sort | metacognitive illusions: a positivity effect in judgments of learning for older but not younger adults |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10052143/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36976133 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030040 |
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