PDL1 shapes the classical Hodgkin lymphoma microenvironment without inducing T-cell exhaustion

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is unusually sensitive to PD1 inhibition and PDL1 is highly expressed on CHL cells and in the tumor microenvironment. This could be interpreted as evidence of exhaustion, but paradoxically, PD1(+) lymphocyte infiltration does not predict response to PD1 inhibitors and no increase in cytotoxic markers is seen after PD1 therapy as might be expected with reversal of exhaustion. In contrast to PD1, elevated PDL1 does predict response to PD1 inhibitors and recent data associate both retained CHL MHC-II expression and increased T helper (T(H)) T-cell receptor diversity with response, suggesting a connection to the T(H) compartment. We performed a phenotypic, spatial and functional assessment of T-cell exhaustion in CHL and found co-expression of an exhaustion marker and lower PD1 expression in CHL than in reactive nodes whereas the proliferative and cytokine production capacity were similar in CHL and the reactive nodes. We found no correlation between PDL1 expression and exhaustion signatures. Instead, we identified a strong association between PDL1 expression and CHL MHC-II expression, T(H) recruitment, and enrichment of T(H)1 regulatory cells. These data suggest that a dominant effect of PDL1 expression in CHL may be T(H) engagement and promotion of a regulatory microenvironment rather than maintenance of exhaustion.