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Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid

Grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is an emerging crop rich in proteins and other valuable nutrients. It was domesticated twice, in Mexico and Peru. Although global trade is dominated by Mexican species of amaranth, Peruvian amaranth (A. caudatus, kiwicha) has remained neglected, although it harbours...

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Autores principales: Kanbar, Adnan, Beisel, Julia, Gutierrez, Meylin Terrel, Graeff-Hönninger, Simone, Nick, Peter
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10093863/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37047191
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076215
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author Kanbar, Adnan
Beisel, Julia
Gutierrez, Meylin Terrel
Graeff-Hönninger, Simone
Nick, Peter
author_facet Kanbar, Adnan
Beisel, Julia
Gutierrez, Meylin Terrel
Graeff-Hönninger, Simone
Nick, Peter
author_sort Kanbar, Adnan
collection PubMed
description Grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is an emerging crop rich in proteins and other valuable nutrients. It was domesticated twice, in Mexico and Peru. Although global trade is dominated by Mexican species of amaranth, Peruvian amaranth (A. caudatus, kiwicha) has remained neglected, although it harbours valuable traits. In the current study, we investigate the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, comparing four genotypes of A. caudatus with K432, a commercial variety deriving from the Mexican species A. hypochondriacus under the temperate environment of Southwest Germany. We show that the A. caudatus genotypes flowered later (only in late autumn), such that they were taller as compared to the Mexican hybrid but yielded fewer grains. The oil of kiwicha showed a significantly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to early flowering genotype K432. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms behind these differences, we sequenced the genomes of the A. hypochondriacus × hybridus variety K432 and the Peruvian kiwicha genotype 8300 and identified the homologues for genes involved in the ω3 fatty-acid pathway and concurrent oxylipin metabolism, as well as of key factors for jasmonate signalling and cold acclimation. We followed the expression of these transcripts over three stages of seed development in all five genotypes. We find that transcripts for Δ6 desaturases are elevated in kiwicha, whereas in the Mexican hybrid, the concurrent lipoxygenase is more active, which is followed by the activation of jasmonate biosynthesis and signalling. The early accumulation of transcripts involved in cold-stress signalling reports that the Mexican hybrid experiences cold stress already early in autumn, whereas the kiwicha genotypes do not display indications for cold stress, except for the very final phase, when there were already freezing temperatures. We interpret the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids in the context of the different climatic conditions shaping domestication (tropical conditions in the case of Mexican amaranth, sharp cold snaps in the case of kiwicha) and suggest that kiwicha oil has high potential as functional food which can be developed further by tailoring genetic backgrounds, agricultural practice, and processing.
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spelling pubmed-100938632023-04-13 Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid Kanbar, Adnan Beisel, Julia Gutierrez, Meylin Terrel Graeff-Hönninger, Simone Nick, Peter Int J Mol Sci Article Grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is an emerging crop rich in proteins and other valuable nutrients. It was domesticated twice, in Mexico and Peru. Although global trade is dominated by Mexican species of amaranth, Peruvian amaranth (A. caudatus, kiwicha) has remained neglected, although it harbours valuable traits. In the current study, we investigate the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, comparing four genotypes of A. caudatus with K432, a commercial variety deriving from the Mexican species A. hypochondriacus under the temperate environment of Southwest Germany. We show that the A. caudatus genotypes flowered later (only in late autumn), such that they were taller as compared to the Mexican hybrid but yielded fewer grains. The oil of kiwicha showed a significantly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to early flowering genotype K432. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms behind these differences, we sequenced the genomes of the A. hypochondriacus × hybridus variety K432 and the Peruvian kiwicha genotype 8300 and identified the homologues for genes involved in the ω3 fatty-acid pathway and concurrent oxylipin metabolism, as well as of key factors for jasmonate signalling and cold acclimation. We followed the expression of these transcripts over three stages of seed development in all five genotypes. We find that transcripts for Δ6 desaturases are elevated in kiwicha, whereas in the Mexican hybrid, the concurrent lipoxygenase is more active, which is followed by the activation of jasmonate biosynthesis and signalling. The early accumulation of transcripts involved in cold-stress signalling reports that the Mexican hybrid experiences cold stress already early in autumn, whereas the kiwicha genotypes do not display indications for cold stress, except for the very final phase, when there were already freezing temperatures. We interpret the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids in the context of the different climatic conditions shaping domestication (tropical conditions in the case of Mexican amaranth, sharp cold snaps in the case of kiwicha) and suggest that kiwicha oil has high potential as functional food which can be developed further by tailoring genetic backgrounds, agricultural practice, and processing. MDPI 2023-03-25 /pmc/articles/PMC10093863/ /pubmed/37047191 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076215 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Kanbar, Adnan
Beisel, Julia
Gutierrez, Meylin Terrel
Graeff-Hönninger, Simone
Nick, Peter
Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid
title Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid
title_full Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid
title_fullStr Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid
title_full_unstemmed Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid
title_short Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid
title_sort peruvian amaranth (kiwicha) accumulates higher levels of the unsaturated linoleic acid
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10093863/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37047191
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076215
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