Epac1 and PKA agonists inhibit ROS to reduce NLRP3 inflammasome proteins in retinal endothelial cells

PURPOSE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate inflammatory pathways in several organs, including the retina. More recent work has shown that ROS activate the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway proteins. We recently showed that the exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1) and protein kinase A (PKA) regulates NLRP3 proteins in the retina. Our goal was to determine whether Epac1 and PKA reduce ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins. METHODS: We used human primary retinal endothelial cells (RECs) grown in normal glucose (5 mM) and stimulated in normal glucose with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to induce ROS and measured NLRP3 pathway proteins. In some groups, we treated cells with an Epac1 or a PKA agonist in addition to H(2)O(2) treatment to determine whether Epac1 and PKA reduced ROS and induced NLRP3 pathway proteins. RESULTS: The data showed that 500 µM H(2)O(2) was the optimal dose to increase ROS in RECs. In RECs treated with H(2)O(2), NLRP3 pathway proteins were increased, which were significantly reduced by cotreatment with PKA or Epac1 agonists. H(2)O(2) significantly increased NIMA-related kinase 7 (Nek7) and purinergic 2X7 receptor 7 (P2X7) levels, which were blocked by Epac1 and PKA agonists. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest that Epac1 and PKA reduce retinal inflammation through the reduced ROS-induced activation of NLRP3 pathway proteins.