Synthesis of TiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) Double-Layer Inverse Opal by Thermal and Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition for Photocatalytic Applications

In comparison to conventional nano-infiltration approaches, the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology exhibits greater potential in the fabrication of inverse opals (IOs) for photocatalysts. In this study, TiO(2) IO and ultra-thin films of Al(2)O(3) on IO were successfully deposited using thermal or plasma-assisted ALD and vertical layer deposition from a polystyrene (PS) opal template. SEM/EDX, XRD, Raman, TG/DTG/DTA-MS, PL spectroscopy, and UV Vis spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the nanocomposites. The results showed that the highly ordered opal crystal microstructure had a face-centered cubic (FCC) orientation. The proposed annealing temperature efficiently removed the template, leaving the anatase phase IO, which provided a small contraction in the spheres. In comparison to TiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) plasma ALD, TiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) thermal ALD has a better interfacial charge interaction of photoexcited electron–hole pairs in the valence band hole to restrain recombination, resulting in a broad spectrum with a peak in the green region. This was demonstrated by PL. Strong absorption bands were also found in the UV regions, including increased absorption due to slow photons and a narrow optical band gap in the visible region. The results from the photocatalytic activity of the samples show decolorization rates of 35.4%, 24.7%, and 14.8%, for TiO(2), TiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) thermal, and TiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) plasma IO ALD samples, respectively. Our results showed that ultra-thin amorphous ALD-grown Al(2)O(3) layers have considerable photocatalytic activity. The Al(2)O(3) thin film grown by thermal ALD has a more ordered structure compared to the one prepared by plasma ALD, which explains its higher photocatalytic activity. The declined photocatalytic activity of the combined layers was observed due to the reduced electron tunneling effect resulting from the thinness of Al(2)O(3).