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Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants

Electrodes are used in vivo for chemical sensing, electrophysiological recording, and stimulation of tissue. The electrode configuration used in vivo is often optimised for a specific anatomy and biological or clinical outcomes, not electrochemical performance. Electrode materials and geometries are...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Harris, Alexander R., Grayden, David B., John, Sam E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10141359/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37420955
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14040722
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author Harris, Alexander R.
Grayden, David B.
John, Sam E.
author_facet Harris, Alexander R.
Grayden, David B.
John, Sam E.
author_sort Harris, Alexander R.
collection PubMed
description Electrodes are used in vivo for chemical sensing, electrophysiological recording, and stimulation of tissue. The electrode configuration used in vivo is often optimised for a specific anatomy and biological or clinical outcomes, not electrochemical performance. Electrode materials and geometries are constrained by biostability and biocompatibility issues and may be required to function clinically for decades. We performed benchtop electrochemistry, with changes in reference electrode, smaller counter-electrode sizes, and three- or two-electrode configurations. We detail the effects different electrode configurations have on typical electroanalytical techniques used on implanted electrodes. Changes in reference electrode required correction by application of an offset potential. In a two-electrode configuration with similar working and reference/counter-electrode sizes, the electrochemical response was dictated by the rate-limiting charge transfer step at either electrode. This could invalidate calibration curves, standard analytical methods, and equations, and prevent use of commercial simulation software. We provide methods for determining if an electrode configuration is affecting the in vivo electrochemical response. We recommend sufficient details be provided in experimental sections on electronics, electrode configuration, and their calibration to justify results and discussion. In conclusion, the experimental limitations of performing in vivo electrochemistry may dictate what types of measurements and analyses are possible, such as obtaining relative rather than absolute measurements.
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spelling pubmed-101413592023-04-29 Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants Harris, Alexander R. Grayden, David B. John, Sam E. Micromachines (Basel) Article Electrodes are used in vivo for chemical sensing, electrophysiological recording, and stimulation of tissue. The electrode configuration used in vivo is often optimised for a specific anatomy and biological or clinical outcomes, not electrochemical performance. Electrode materials and geometries are constrained by biostability and biocompatibility issues and may be required to function clinically for decades. We performed benchtop electrochemistry, with changes in reference electrode, smaller counter-electrode sizes, and three- or two-electrode configurations. We detail the effects different electrode configurations have on typical electroanalytical techniques used on implanted electrodes. Changes in reference electrode required correction by application of an offset potential. In a two-electrode configuration with similar working and reference/counter-electrode sizes, the electrochemical response was dictated by the rate-limiting charge transfer step at either electrode. This could invalidate calibration curves, standard analytical methods, and equations, and prevent use of commercial simulation software. We provide methods for determining if an electrode configuration is affecting the in vivo electrochemical response. We recommend sufficient details be provided in experimental sections on electronics, electrode configuration, and their calibration to justify results and discussion. In conclusion, the experimental limitations of performing in vivo electrochemistry may dictate what types of measurements and analyses are possible, such as obtaining relative rather than absolute measurements. MDPI 2023-03-24 /pmc/articles/PMC10141359/ /pubmed/37420955 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14040722 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Harris, Alexander R.
Grayden, David B.
John, Sam E.
Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants
title Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants
title_full Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants
title_fullStr Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants
title_full_unstemmed Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants
title_short Electrochemistry in a Two- or Three-Electrode Configuration to Understand Monopolar or Bipolar Configurations of Platinum Bionic Implants
title_sort electrochemistry in a two- or three-electrode configuration to understand monopolar or bipolar configurations of platinum bionic implants
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10141359/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37420955
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14040722
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