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Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?

Carboxymethyl cellulose use in industry is ubiquitous. Though it is recognized as safe by the EFSA and FDA, newer works have raised concerns related to its safety, as in vivo studies showed evidence of gut dysbiosis associated with CMC’s presence. Herein lies the question, is CMC a gut pro-inflammat...

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Autores principales: Costa, Eduardo M., Silva, Sara, Pereira, Carla F., Ribeiro, Alessandra B., Casanova, Francisca, Freixo, Ricardo, Pintado, Manuela, Ramos, Óscar L.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10221013/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242982
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102408
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author Costa, Eduardo M.
Silva, Sara
Pereira, Carla F.
Ribeiro, Alessandra B.
Casanova, Francisca
Freixo, Ricardo
Pintado, Manuela
Ramos, Óscar L.
author_facet Costa, Eduardo M.
Silva, Sara
Pereira, Carla F.
Ribeiro, Alessandra B.
Casanova, Francisca
Freixo, Ricardo
Pintado, Manuela
Ramos, Óscar L.
author_sort Costa, Eduardo M.
collection PubMed
description Carboxymethyl cellulose use in industry is ubiquitous. Though it is recognized as safe by the EFSA and FDA, newer works have raised concerns related to its safety, as in vivo studies showed evidence of gut dysbiosis associated with CMC’s presence. Herein lies the question, is CMC a gut pro-inflammatory compound? As no work addressed this question, we sought to understand whether CMC was pro-inflammatory through the immunomodulation of GI tract epithelial cells. The results showed that while CMC was not cytotoxic up to 25 mg/mL towards Caco-2, HT29-MTX and Hep G2 cells, it had an overall pro-inflammatory behavior. In a Caco-2 monolayer, CMC by itself increased IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α secretion, with the latter increasing by 1924%, and with these increases being 9.7 times superior to the one obtained for the IL-1β pro-inflammation control. In co-culture models, an increase in secretion in the apical side, particularly for IL-6 (692% increase), was observed, and when RAW 264.7 was added, data showed a more complex scenario as stimulation of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IFN-β) cytokines in the basal side was observed. Considering these results, CMC may exert a pro-inflammatory effect in the intestinal lumen, and despite more studies being required, the incorporation of CMC in foodstuffs must be carefully considered in the future to minimize potential GI tract dysbiosis.
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spelling pubmed-102210132023-05-28 Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered? Costa, Eduardo M. Silva, Sara Pereira, Carla F. Ribeiro, Alessandra B. Casanova, Francisca Freixo, Ricardo Pintado, Manuela Ramos, Óscar L. Polymers (Basel) Article Carboxymethyl cellulose use in industry is ubiquitous. Though it is recognized as safe by the EFSA and FDA, newer works have raised concerns related to its safety, as in vivo studies showed evidence of gut dysbiosis associated with CMC’s presence. Herein lies the question, is CMC a gut pro-inflammatory compound? As no work addressed this question, we sought to understand whether CMC was pro-inflammatory through the immunomodulation of GI tract epithelial cells. The results showed that while CMC was not cytotoxic up to 25 mg/mL towards Caco-2, HT29-MTX and Hep G2 cells, it had an overall pro-inflammatory behavior. In a Caco-2 monolayer, CMC by itself increased IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α secretion, with the latter increasing by 1924%, and with these increases being 9.7 times superior to the one obtained for the IL-1β pro-inflammation control. In co-culture models, an increase in secretion in the apical side, particularly for IL-6 (692% increase), was observed, and when RAW 264.7 was added, data showed a more complex scenario as stimulation of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IFN-β) cytokines in the basal side was observed. Considering these results, CMC may exert a pro-inflammatory effect in the intestinal lumen, and despite more studies being required, the incorporation of CMC in foodstuffs must be carefully considered in the future to minimize potential GI tract dysbiosis. MDPI 2023-05-22 /pmc/articles/PMC10221013/ /pubmed/37242982 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102408 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Costa, Eduardo M.
Silva, Sara
Pereira, Carla F.
Ribeiro, Alessandra B.
Casanova, Francisca
Freixo, Ricardo
Pintado, Manuela
Ramos, Óscar L.
Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?
title Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?
title_full Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?
title_fullStr Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?
title_full_unstemmed Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?
title_short Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Food Emulsifier: Are Its Days Numbered?
title_sort carboxymethyl cellulose as a food emulsifier: are its days numbered?
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10221013/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37242982
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15102408
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