Boosting intracellular sodium selectively kills hepatocarcinoma cells and induces hepatocellular carcinoma tumor shrinkage in mice

Pharmacological treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a partial efficacy. Augmented Na(+) content and water retention are observed in human cancers and offer unexplored targets for anticancer therapies. Na(+) levels are evaluated upon treatments with the antibiotic cation ionophore Monensin by fluorimetry, ICP-MS, (23)Na-MRI, NMR relaxometry, confocal or time-lapse analysis related to energy production, water fluxes and cell death, employing both murine and human HCC cell lines, primary murine hepatocytes, or HCC allografts in NSG mice. Na(+) levels of HCC cells and tissue are 8-10 times higher than that of healthy hepatocytes and livers. Monensin further increases Na(+) levels in HCC cells and in HCC allografts but not in primary hepatocytes and in normal hepatic and extrahepatic tissue. The Na(+) increase is associated with energy depletion, mitochondrial Na(+) load and inhibition of O(2) consumption. The Na(+) increase causes an enhancement of the intracellular water lifetime and death of HCC cells, and a regression and necrosis of allograft tumors, without affecting the proliferating activity of either HCCs or healthy tissues. These observations indicate that HCC cells are, unlike healthy cells, energetically incapable of compensating and surviving a pharmacologically induced Na(+) load, highlighting Na(+) homeostasis as druggable target for HCC therapy.