Metastatic lymph node targeted CTLA4 blockade: a potent intervention for local and distant metastases with minimal ICI-induced pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) elicits a strong and durable therapeutic response, but its application is limited by disparate responses and its associated immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Previously, in a murine model of lymph node (LN) metastasis, we showed that intranodal administration of chemotherapeutic agents using a lymphatic drug delivery system (LDDS) elicits stronger therapeutic responses in comparison to systemic drug delivery approaches, while minimizing systemic toxicity, due to its improved pharmacokinetic profile at the intended site. Importantly, the LN is a reservoir of immunotherapeutic targets. We therefore hypothesized that metastatic LN-targeted ICB can amplify anti-tumor response and uncouple it from ICB-induced irAEs. METHODS: To test our hypothesis, models of LN and distant metastases were established with luciferase expressing LM8 cells in MXH10/Mo-lpr/lpr mice, a recombinant inbred strain of mice capable of recapitulating ICB-induced interstitial pneumonia. This model was used to interrogate ICB-associated therapeutic response and immune related adverse events (irAEs) by in vivo imaging, high-frequency ultrasound imaging and histopathology. qPCR and flowcytometry were utilized to uncover the mediators of anti-tumor immunity. RESULTS: Tumor-bearing LN (tbLN)-directed CTLA4 blockade generated robust anti-tumor response against local and systemic metastases, thereby improving survival. The anti-tumor effects were accompanied by an upregulation of effector CD8T cells in the tumor-microenvironment and periphery. In comparison, non-specific CTLA4 blockade was found to elicit weaker anti-tumor effect and exacerbated ICI-induced irAEs, especially interstitial pneumonia. Together these data highlight the importance of tbLN-targeted checkpoint blockade for efficacious response. CONCLUSIONS: Intranodal delivery of immune checkpoint inhibitors to metastatic LN can potentiate therapeutic response while minimizing irAEs stemming from systemic lowering of immune activation threshold. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-023-02645-w.