Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Diet and Skin in Relation to Stool Microbiota: The Rotterdam Study

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are involved in age-related diseases, but the interaction of gut microbiota with dietary AGEs (dAGEs) and tissue AGEs in the population is unknown. Objective: Our objective was to investigate the association of dietary and tissue AGEs with gut microbiota in the population-based Rotterdam Study, using skin AGEs as a marker for tissue accumulation and stool microbiota as a surrogate for gut microbiota. Design: Dietary intake of three AGEs (dAGEs), namely carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), N-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MGH1), and carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL), was quantified at baseline from food frequency questionnaires. Following up after a median of 5.7 years, skin AGEs were measured using skin autofluorescence (SAF), and stool microbiota samples were sequenced (16S rRNA) to measure microbial composition (including alpha-diversity, beta-dissimilarity, and taxonomic abundances) as well as predict microbial metabolic pathways. Associations of both dAGEs and SAF with microbial measures were investigated using multiple linear regression models in 1052 and 718 participants, respectively. Results: dAGEs and SAF were not associated with either the alpha-diversity or beta-dissimilarity of the stool microbiota. After multiple-testing correction, dAGEs were not associated with any of the 188 genera tested, but were nominally inversely associated with the abundance of Barnesiella, Colidextribacter, Oscillospiraceae UCG-005, and Terrisporobacter, in addition to being positively associated with Coprococcus, Dorea, and Blautia. A higher abundance of Lactobacillus was associated with a higher SAF, along with several nominally significantly associated genera. dAGEs and SAF were nominally associated with several microbial pathways, but none were statistically significant after multiple-testing correction. Conclusions: Our findings did not solidify a link between habitual dAGEs, skin AGEs, and overall stool microbiota composition. Nominally significant associations with several genera and functional pathways suggested a potential interaction between gut microbiota and AGE metabolism, but validation is required. Future studies are warranted, to investigate whether gut microbiota modifies the potential impact of dAGEs on health.