Cargando…

Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype

It has been reported that lettuce and its bioactive compounds enhance the host immune system by acting as immune modulators. This study aimed to identify the immunological effect of fermented lettuce extract (FLE) on macrophages. To evaluate the efficacy of FLE in enhancing macrophage function, we m...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Kim, Bo-Young, Ryu, Ji Hyeon, Park, Jisu, Ji, Byeongjun, Chun, Hyun Soo, Kim, Min Sun, Shin, Yong-Il
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10303209/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37375653
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15122750
_version_ 1785065224565424128
author Kim, Bo-Young
Ryu, Ji Hyeon
Park, Jisu
Ji, Byeongjun
Chun, Hyun Soo
Kim, Min Sun
Shin, Yong-Il
author_facet Kim, Bo-Young
Ryu, Ji Hyeon
Park, Jisu
Ji, Byeongjun
Chun, Hyun Soo
Kim, Min Sun
Shin, Yong-Il
author_sort Kim, Bo-Young
collection PubMed
description It has been reported that lettuce and its bioactive compounds enhance the host immune system by acting as immune modulators. This study aimed to identify the immunological effect of fermented lettuce extract (FLE) on macrophages. To evaluate the efficacy of FLE in enhancing macrophage function, we measured and compared the levels of macrophage activation-related markers in FLE- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with FLE activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, increased their phagocytic ability, and increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels—similar to LPS. The effects of FLE on M1/M2 macrophage polarization were investigated by determining M1 and M2 macrophage transcript markers in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The FLE-related treatment of peritoneal macrophages enhanced the expression of M1 markers but reduced IL-4 treatment-induced M2 markers. After the generation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), alterations in the levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers were measured after treatment with FLE. The FLE-related treatment of TAMs increased the expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and also led to the enhanced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings suggest that FLE may be useful for macrophage-targeted cancer therapy because of its ability to regulate the activation and polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-10303209
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2023
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-103032092023-06-29 Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype Kim, Bo-Young Ryu, Ji Hyeon Park, Jisu Ji, Byeongjun Chun, Hyun Soo Kim, Min Sun Shin, Yong-Il Nutrients Article It has been reported that lettuce and its bioactive compounds enhance the host immune system by acting as immune modulators. This study aimed to identify the immunological effect of fermented lettuce extract (FLE) on macrophages. To evaluate the efficacy of FLE in enhancing macrophage function, we measured and compared the levels of macrophage activation-related markers in FLE- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment with FLE activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, increased their phagocytic ability, and increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels—similar to LPS. The effects of FLE on M1/M2 macrophage polarization were investigated by determining M1 and M2 macrophage transcript markers in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The FLE-related treatment of peritoneal macrophages enhanced the expression of M1 markers but reduced IL-4 treatment-induced M2 markers. After the generation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), alterations in the levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers were measured after treatment with FLE. The FLE-related treatment of TAMs increased the expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and also led to the enhanced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings suggest that FLE may be useful for macrophage-targeted cancer therapy because of its ability to regulate the activation and polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. MDPI 2023-06-14 /pmc/articles/PMC10303209/ /pubmed/37375653 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15122750 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Kim, Bo-Young
Ryu, Ji Hyeon
Park, Jisu
Ji, Byeongjun
Chun, Hyun Soo
Kim, Min Sun
Shin, Yong-Il
Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype
title Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype
title_full Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype
title_fullStr Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype
title_full_unstemmed Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype
title_short Fermented Lettuce Extract Induces Immune Responses through Polarization of Macrophages into the Pro-Inflammatory M1-Subtype
title_sort fermented lettuce extract induces immune responses through polarization of macrophages into the pro-inflammatory m1-subtype
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10303209/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37375653
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15122750
work_keys_str_mv AT kimboyoung fermentedlettuceextractinducesimmuneresponsesthroughpolarizationofmacrophagesintotheproinflammatorym1subtype
AT ryujihyeon fermentedlettuceextractinducesimmuneresponsesthroughpolarizationofmacrophagesintotheproinflammatorym1subtype
AT parkjisu fermentedlettuceextractinducesimmuneresponsesthroughpolarizationofmacrophagesintotheproinflammatorym1subtype
AT jibyeongjun fermentedlettuceextractinducesimmuneresponsesthroughpolarizationofmacrophagesintotheproinflammatorym1subtype
AT chunhyunsoo fermentedlettuceextractinducesimmuneresponsesthroughpolarizationofmacrophagesintotheproinflammatorym1subtype
AT kimminsun fermentedlettuceextractinducesimmuneresponsesthroughpolarizationofmacrophagesintotheproinflammatorym1subtype
AT shinyongil fermentedlettuceextractinducesimmuneresponsesthroughpolarizationofmacrophagesintotheproinflammatorym1subtype