GPCRome-wide analysis of G-protein-coupling diversity using a computational biology approach

GPCRs are master regulators of cell signaling by transducing extracellular stimuli into the cell via selective coupling to intracellular G-proteins. Here we present a computational analysis of the structural determinants of G-protein-coupling repertoire of experimental and predicted 3D GPCR-G-protein complexes. Interface contact analysis recapitulates structural hallmarks associated with G-protein-coupling specificity, including TM5, TM6 and ICLs. We employ interface contacts as fingerprints to cluster G(s) vs G(i) complexes in an unsupervised fashion, suggesting that interface residues contribute to selective coupling. We experimentally confirm on a promiscuous receptor (CCKAR) that mutations of some of these specificity-determining positions bias the coupling selectivity. Interestingly, G(s)-GPCR complexes have more conserved interfaces, while G(i/o) proteins adopt a wider number of alternative docking poses, as assessed via structural alignments of representative 3D complexes. Binding energy calculations demonstrate that distinct structural properties of the complexes are associated to higher stability of G(s) than G(i/o) complexes. AlphaFold2 predictions of experimental binary complexes confirm several of these structural features and allow us to augment the structural coverage of poorly characterized complexes such as G(12/13).