Optical and pharmacological manipulation of hypoglossal motor nucleus identifies differential effects of taltirelin on sleeping tonic motor activity and responsiveness

Pharyngeal muscle activity and responsiveness are key pathophysiological traits in human obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and strong contributors to improvements with pharmacotherapy. The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog taltirelin is of high pre-clinical interest given its neuronal-stimulant properties, minimal endocrine activity, tongue muscle activation following microperfusion into the hypoglossal motor nucleus (HMN) or systemic delivery, and high TRH receptor expression at the HMN compared to rest of the brain. Here we test the hypothesis that taltirelin increases HMN activity and/or responsivity to excitatory stimuli applied across sleep–wake states in-vivo. To target hypoglossal motoneurons with simultaneous pharmacological and optical stimuli we used customized “opto-dialysis” probes and chronically implanted them in mice expressing a light sensitive cation channel exclusively on cholinergic neurons (ChAT–ChR2, n = 12) and wild-type mice lacking the opsin (n = 10). Both optical stimuli applied across a range of powers (P < 0.001) and microperfusion of taltirelin into the HMN (P < 0.020) increased tongue motor activity in sleeping ChAT–ChR2 mice. Notably, taltirelin increased tonic background tongue motor activity (P < 0.001) but not responsivity to excitatory optical stimuli across sleep–wake states (P > 0.098). This differential effect on tonic motor activity versus responsivity informs human studies of the potential beneficial effects of taltirelin on pharyngeal motor control and OSA pharmacotherapy.