Modeling Signal-to-Noise Ratio of CMOS Image Sensors with a Stochastic Approach under Non-Stationary Conditions

A stochastic model for characterizing the conversion gain of Active Pixel Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (APS), assuming stationary conditions was recently presented in this journal. In this study, we extend the stochastic approach to non-stationary conditions. Non-stationary conditions occur in gated imaging applications. This new stochastic model, which is based on fundamental physical considerations, enlightens us with new insights into gated CMOS imaging, regardless of the sensor. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is simulated, allowing optimized performance. The conversion gain should be determined under stationary conditions.