Inhibition of cGAS–STING pathway alleviates neuroinflammation-induced retinal ganglion cell death after ischemia/reperfusion injury

Acute glaucoma is a vision-threatening disease characterized by a sudden elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP), followed by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)—a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that triggers inflammation and immune responses—has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IOP-induced RGC death, but the underlying mechanism is not entirely clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of the inflammatory cascade on dsDNA recognition and examined the neuroprotective effect of the cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) antagonist A151 on a retinal ischemia/reperfusion (RIR) mouse model. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of microglia-induced neuroinflammation-mediated RGC death associated with glaucomatous vision loss. We found that RIR injury facilitated the release of dsDNA, which initiated inflammatory responses by activating cGAS–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Correspondingly, elevated expressions of cGAS and STING were found in retinal samples from human glaucoma donors. Furthermore, we found that deletion or inhibition of cGAS or STING in microglia transfected with poly(dA:dT) specifically decreased microglia activation and inflammation response. We also observed that A151 treatment promoted poly(dA:dT)--stimulated changes in polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype in microglia. Subsequently, A151 administered to mice effectively inhibited the cGAS–STING pathway, absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome and pyroptosis-related molecules. Furthermore, A151 administration significantly reduced neuroinflammation, ameliorated RGC death and RGC-related reductions in visual function. These findings provide a unique perspective on glaucomatous neuropathogenesis and suggest cGAS as an underlying target of retinal inflammation to provide a potential therapeutic for acute glaucoma.