Cargando…

Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques

Cymbopogon flexuosus is a highly valued botanical species with significant applications in the food and food supplement industries, medicine, and cosmetics. The effects of four extraction techniques, supercritical CO(2), microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, on...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Jaradat, Nidal
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574671/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836713
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196870
_version_ 1785120747137531904
author Jaradat, Nidal
author_facet Jaradat, Nidal
author_sort Jaradat, Nidal
collection PubMed
description Cymbopogon flexuosus is a highly valued botanical species with significant applications in the food and food supplement industries, medicine, and cosmetics. The effects of four extraction techniques, supercritical CO(2), microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, on the yield, phytochemical constituents, and antifungal activity against nine fungal species of Cymbopogon flexuosus aromatic oil (AO) were explored in this investigation. Gas chromatography connected with a mass spectrometry apparatus was employed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the investigated plant AOs. In addition, using the broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were calculated for several fungi species. The supercritical CO(2) method gave the highest yield of AO (11.62 ± 0.03 (w/w)) followed by the microwave–ultrasonic method (1.55 ± 0.05% (w/w)) and the steam distillation method (1.24 ± 0.04% (w/w)), while the hydrodistillation methods gave the lowest yield (1.17 ± 0.01 (w/w)). In addition, eighteen molecules were specified in the AOs obtained with the supercritical CO(2), microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, which constituted 99.36, 98.6, 98.21, and 98.31% (v/v) of the total oils, respectively. Additionally, linalyl acetate was the trending molecule in the microwave–ultrasonic and steam distillation methods, representing 24.61 and 24.34% (v/v), respectively, while geranial was the dominant molecule in the AOs extracted with the hydrodistillation and supercritical CO(2) extraction techniques (27.01 and 25.6% (v/v), respectively). The antifungal screening results revealed that the tested C. flexuosus AOs have potential antifungal effects against all the screened fungi species. The antifungal effect of the AOs extracted with the steam distillation and microwave–ultrasonic methods was remarkable compared with that of the commercial antifungal drug Fluconazole. However, the AOs extracted with these two methods have a more potent antifungal effect against Candida parapsilosis than that of Fluconazole with MICs of 3.13 ± 0.01, 3.13 ± 0.01, and 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The same effects were also observed against Trichophyton rubrum with MICs of 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the steam distillation and microwave–ultrasonic methods are promising processes for the extraction of C. flexuosus AO with a potent antifungal effect. This may be an advantage for the utilization of C. flexuosus AO over some antifungal synthetic agents commonly utilized as medicines, preservatives, food additives, cosmetics, and nutrient supplements.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-10574671
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2023
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-105746712023-10-14 Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques Jaradat, Nidal Molecules Article Cymbopogon flexuosus is a highly valued botanical species with significant applications in the food and food supplement industries, medicine, and cosmetics. The effects of four extraction techniques, supercritical CO(2), microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, on the yield, phytochemical constituents, and antifungal activity against nine fungal species of Cymbopogon flexuosus aromatic oil (AO) were explored in this investigation. Gas chromatography connected with a mass spectrometry apparatus was employed for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the investigated plant AOs. In addition, using the broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were calculated for several fungi species. The supercritical CO(2) method gave the highest yield of AO (11.62 ± 0.03 (w/w)) followed by the microwave–ultrasonic method (1.55 ± 0.05% (w/w)) and the steam distillation method (1.24 ± 0.04% (w/w)), while the hydrodistillation methods gave the lowest yield (1.17 ± 0.01 (w/w)). In addition, eighteen molecules were specified in the AOs obtained with the supercritical CO(2), microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation techniques, which constituted 99.36, 98.6, 98.21, and 98.31% (v/v) of the total oils, respectively. Additionally, linalyl acetate was the trending molecule in the microwave–ultrasonic and steam distillation methods, representing 24.61 and 24.34% (v/v), respectively, while geranial was the dominant molecule in the AOs extracted with the hydrodistillation and supercritical CO(2) extraction techniques (27.01 and 25.6% (v/v), respectively). The antifungal screening results revealed that the tested C. flexuosus AOs have potential antifungal effects against all the screened fungi species. The antifungal effect of the AOs extracted with the steam distillation and microwave–ultrasonic methods was remarkable compared with that of the commercial antifungal drug Fluconazole. However, the AOs extracted with these two methods have a more potent antifungal effect against Candida parapsilosis than that of Fluconazole with MICs of 3.13 ± 0.01, 3.13 ± 0.01, and 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The same effects were also observed against Trichophyton rubrum with MICs of 6.25 ± 0.91 µg/mL, respectively. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the steam distillation and microwave–ultrasonic methods are promising processes for the extraction of C. flexuosus AO with a potent antifungal effect. This may be an advantage for the utilization of C. flexuosus AO over some antifungal synthetic agents commonly utilized as medicines, preservatives, food additives, cosmetics, and nutrient supplements. MDPI 2023-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC10574671/ /pubmed/37836713 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196870 Text en © 2023 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Jaradat, Nidal
Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques
title Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques
title_full Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques
title_fullStr Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques
title_full_unstemmed Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques
title_short Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO(2), Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques
title_sort qualitative and quantitative comparison of aromatic oil components and antifungal effects of cymbopogon flexuosus obtained with supercritical co(2), microwave–ultrasonic, steam distillation, and hydrodistillation extraction techniques
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574671/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836713
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196870
work_keys_str_mv AT jaradatnidal qualitativeandquantitativecomparisonofaromaticoilcomponentsandantifungaleffectsofcymbopogonflexuosusobtainedwithsupercriticalco2microwaveultrasonicsteamdistillationandhydrodistillationextractiontechniques