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The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates
Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities....
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574752/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836707 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196863 |
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author | Ruffolo, Francesca Dinhof, Tamara Murray, Leanne Zangelmi, Erika Chin, Jason P. Pallitsch, Katharina Peracchi, Alessio |
author_facet | Ruffolo, Francesca Dinhof, Tamara Murray, Leanne Zangelmi, Erika Chin, Jason P. Pallitsch, Katharina Peracchi, Alessio |
author_sort | Ruffolo, Francesca |
collection | PubMed |
description | Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C–P bond is ultimately cleaved—i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10574752 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105747522023-10-14 The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates Ruffolo, Francesca Dinhof, Tamara Murray, Leanne Zangelmi, Erika Chin, Jason P. Pallitsch, Katharina Peracchi, Alessio Molecules Review Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C–P bond is ultimately cleaved—i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity. MDPI 2023-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC10574752/ /pubmed/37836707 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196863 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Ruffolo, Francesca Dinhof, Tamara Murray, Leanne Zangelmi, Erika Chin, Jason P. Pallitsch, Katharina Peracchi, Alessio The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates |
title | The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates |
title_full | The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates |
title_fullStr | The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates |
title_full_unstemmed | The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates |
title_short | The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates |
title_sort | microbial degradation of natural and anthropogenic phosphonates |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574752/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836707 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196863 |
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