Cargando…

The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates

Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities....

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Ruffolo, Francesca, Dinhof, Tamara, Murray, Leanne, Zangelmi, Erika, Chin, Jason P., Pallitsch, Katharina, Peracchi, Alessio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574752/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836707
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196863
_version_ 1785120765680549888
author Ruffolo, Francesca
Dinhof, Tamara
Murray, Leanne
Zangelmi, Erika
Chin, Jason P.
Pallitsch, Katharina
Peracchi, Alessio
author_facet Ruffolo, Francesca
Dinhof, Tamara
Murray, Leanne
Zangelmi, Erika
Chin, Jason P.
Pallitsch, Katharina
Peracchi, Alessio
author_sort Ruffolo, Francesca
collection PubMed
description Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C–P bond is ultimately cleaved—i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-10574752
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2023
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-105747522023-10-14 The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates Ruffolo, Francesca Dinhof, Tamara Murray, Leanne Zangelmi, Erika Chin, Jason P. Pallitsch, Katharina Peracchi, Alessio Molecules Review Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C–P bond is ultimately cleaved—i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity. MDPI 2023-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC10574752/ /pubmed/37836707 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196863 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Ruffolo, Francesca
Dinhof, Tamara
Murray, Leanne
Zangelmi, Erika
Chin, Jason P.
Pallitsch, Katharina
Peracchi, Alessio
The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates
title The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates
title_full The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates
title_fullStr The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates
title_full_unstemmed The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates
title_short The Microbial Degradation of Natural and Anthropogenic Phosphonates
title_sort microbial degradation of natural and anthropogenic phosphonates
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10574752/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836707
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196863
work_keys_str_mv AT ruffolofrancesca themicrobialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT dinhoftamara themicrobialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT murrayleanne themicrobialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT zangelmierika themicrobialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT chinjasonp themicrobialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT pallitschkatharina themicrobialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT peracchialessio themicrobialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT ruffolofrancesca microbialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT dinhoftamara microbialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT murrayleanne microbialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT zangelmierika microbialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT chinjasonp microbialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT pallitschkatharina microbialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates
AT peracchialessio microbialdegradationofnaturalandanthropogenicphosphonates