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A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Plant-based diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but also increase the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, particularly, of vitamin B12 (B12). The extent to which the unsupervised use of oral nutrient supplements is sufficient to prevent these deficiencies is...

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Autores principales: Storz, Maximilian Andreas, Müller, Alexander, Niederreiter, Lisa, Zimmermann-Klemd, Amy M., Suarez-Alvarez, Martin, Kowarschik, Stefanie, Strittmatter, Monique, Schlachter, Evelyn, Pasluosta, Cristian, Huber, Roman, Hannibal, Luciana
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Taylor & Francis 2023
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Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10586079/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37851870
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2023.2269969
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author Storz, Maximilian Andreas
Müller, Alexander
Niederreiter, Lisa
Zimmermann-Klemd, Amy M.
Suarez-Alvarez, Martin
Kowarschik, Stefanie
Strittmatter, Monique
Schlachter, Evelyn
Pasluosta, Cristian
Huber, Roman
Hannibal, Luciana
author_facet Storz, Maximilian Andreas
Müller, Alexander
Niederreiter, Lisa
Zimmermann-Klemd, Amy M.
Suarez-Alvarez, Martin
Kowarschik, Stefanie
Strittmatter, Monique
Schlachter, Evelyn
Pasluosta, Cristian
Huber, Roman
Hannibal, Luciana
author_sort Storz, Maximilian Andreas
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Plant-based diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but also increase the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, particularly, of vitamin B12 (B12). The extent to which the unsupervised use of oral nutrient supplements is sufficient to prevent these deficiencies is not well established. We analyzed nutrient intake, laboratory biomarkers, supplementation behavior, and B12 status adequacy amongst young, healthy, physically active omnivores, lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans from Germany. METHODS: We recruited 115 participants (n = 40 omnivores; n = 37 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and n = 38 vegans) with comparable age, sex, marital status, physical activity and educational levels through online advertisements and local newspapers in Freiburg, Germany. RESULTS: Energy intake and macronutrient distribution were comparable across diets. Major differences included intake of fiber, cholesterol, and several vitamins. Vegans had the lowest intake of B12 from foods (0.43 (0.58) µg/d), compared to omnivores (2.14 (2.29) µg/d) and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (0.98 (1.34) µg/day). Multivariate analysis of 36 blood biomarkers revealed that three major classes of biomarkers contributed the most to the clustering of individuals by dietary group, namely, biomarkers of B12 status (B12, holoTC, Hcy), iron (iron, ferritin, transferrin) and lipid metabolism (vitamin A, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, TAG). This suggests that nutrients that modify the metabolic pathways represented by these biomarkers have the most penetrating effect on health status across diets. Analysis of B12 status (including 4cB12) revealed adequacy in omnivores and vegans, and a poorer B12 status amongst lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Fewer lacto-ovo-vegetarians used B12 supplements compared to vegans (51% versus 90%). CONCLUSIONS: Even amongst homogeneously healthy Germans, each diet manifested with measurable differences in dietary intakes and biomarkers of health. Plant-based diets, in particular the vegan diet, exhibited the most favorable patterns of lipid metabolism and glycemic control, but the lowest food intake of B12. Supplementation of healthy vegans with B12 (median 250 µg B12/day, over 2 years) secured an adequate B12 status that was comparable to that of healthy omnivores. Clinical Trial Registry: German Clinical Trial register number: DRKS00027425
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spelling pubmed-105860792023-10-20 A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans Storz, Maximilian Andreas Müller, Alexander Niederreiter, Lisa Zimmermann-Klemd, Amy M. Suarez-Alvarez, Martin Kowarschik, Stefanie Strittmatter, Monique Schlachter, Evelyn Pasluosta, Cristian Huber, Roman Hannibal, Luciana Ann Med Nutrition BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Plant-based diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but also increase the risk of certain micronutrient deficiencies, particularly, of vitamin B12 (B12). The extent to which the unsupervised use of oral nutrient supplements is sufficient to prevent these deficiencies is not well established. We analyzed nutrient intake, laboratory biomarkers, supplementation behavior, and B12 status adequacy amongst young, healthy, physically active omnivores, lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans from Germany. METHODS: We recruited 115 participants (n = 40 omnivores; n = 37 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and n = 38 vegans) with comparable age, sex, marital status, physical activity and educational levels through online advertisements and local newspapers in Freiburg, Germany. RESULTS: Energy intake and macronutrient distribution were comparable across diets. Major differences included intake of fiber, cholesterol, and several vitamins. Vegans had the lowest intake of B12 from foods (0.43 (0.58) µg/d), compared to omnivores (2.14 (2.29) µg/d) and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (0.98 (1.34) µg/day). Multivariate analysis of 36 blood biomarkers revealed that three major classes of biomarkers contributed the most to the clustering of individuals by dietary group, namely, biomarkers of B12 status (B12, holoTC, Hcy), iron (iron, ferritin, transferrin) and lipid metabolism (vitamin A, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, TAG). This suggests that nutrients that modify the metabolic pathways represented by these biomarkers have the most penetrating effect on health status across diets. Analysis of B12 status (including 4cB12) revealed adequacy in omnivores and vegans, and a poorer B12 status amongst lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Fewer lacto-ovo-vegetarians used B12 supplements compared to vegans (51% versus 90%). CONCLUSIONS: Even amongst homogeneously healthy Germans, each diet manifested with measurable differences in dietary intakes and biomarkers of health. Plant-based diets, in particular the vegan diet, exhibited the most favorable patterns of lipid metabolism and glycemic control, but the lowest food intake of B12. Supplementation of healthy vegans with B12 (median 250 µg B12/day, over 2 years) secured an adequate B12 status that was comparable to that of healthy omnivores. Clinical Trial Registry: German Clinical Trial register number: DRKS00027425 Taylor & Francis 2023-10-18 /pmc/articles/PMC10586079/ /pubmed/37851870 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2023.2269969 Text en © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) ), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
spellingShingle Nutrition
Storz, Maximilian Andreas
Müller, Alexander
Niederreiter, Lisa
Zimmermann-Klemd, Amy M.
Suarez-Alvarez, Martin
Kowarschik, Stefanie
Strittmatter, Monique
Schlachter, Evelyn
Pasluosta, Cristian
Huber, Roman
Hannibal, Luciana
A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans
title A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans
title_full A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans
title_fullStr A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans
title_full_unstemmed A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans
title_short A cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active German omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin B(12) status in supplemented vegans
title_sort cross-sectional study of nutritional status in healthy, young, physically-active german omnivores, vegetarians and vegans reveals adequate vitamin b(12) status in supplemented vegans
topic Nutrition
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10586079/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37851870
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2023.2269969
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