Tributyrin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Lysine Acetylation of Histone-H3 and p65-NFκB Downregulating CCL2 Expression and Consequent Liver Inflammation and Injury

Purpose: Chemokine-driven leukocyte infiltration and sustained inflammation contribute to alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Elevated hepatic CCL2 expression, seen in ALD, is associated with disease severity. However, mechanisms of CCL2 regulation are not completely elucidated. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, particularly acetylation, modulate gene expression. This study examined the acetylation changes of promoter-associated histone-H3 and key transcription factor-NFκB in regulating hepatic CCL2 expression and subsequent inflammation and injury. Further, the effect of therapeutic modulation of the acetylation state by tributyrin (TB), a butyrate prodrug, was assessed. Methods: Hepatic CCL2 expression was assessed in mice fed control (PF) or an ethanol-containing Lieber–DeCarli (5% v/v, EF) diet for 7 weeks with or without oral administration of tributyrin (TB, 2 g/kg, 5 days/week). A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay evaluated promoter-associated modifications. Nuclear association between SIRT1, p300, and NFκB-p65 and acetylation changes of p65 were determined using immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses. A Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA determined the significance. Results: Ethanol significantly increased promoter-associated histone-H3-lysine-9 acetylation (H3K9Ac), reflecting a transcriptionally permissive state with a resultant increase in hepatic CCL2 mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, increased lysine-310-acetylation of nuclear RelA/p65 decreased its association with SIRT1, a class III HDAC, but concomitantly increased with p300, a histone acetyltransferase. This further led to enhanced recruitment of NF-κB/p65 and RNA polymerase-II to the CCL2 promoter. Oral TB administration prevented ethanol-associated acetylation changes, thus downregulating CCL2 expression, hepatic neutrophil infiltration, and inflammation/ injury. Conclusion: The modulation of a protein acetylation state via ethanol or TB mechanistically regulates hepatic CCL2 upregulation in ALD.