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TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease

BACKGROUND: TGFβ signaling appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in both dogs and humans. However, little is known about the extent of the downstream signaling changes that will then affect cell phenotype and function in both species. OBJECTIVE: Identify...

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Autores principales: McNair, Andrew J., Markby, Greg R., Tang, Qiyu, MacRae, Vicky E., Corcoran, Brendan M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613673/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37908840
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1202001
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author McNair, Andrew J.
Markby, Greg R.
Tang, Qiyu
MacRae, Vicky E.
Corcoran, Brendan M.
author_facet McNair, Andrew J.
Markby, Greg R.
Tang, Qiyu
MacRae, Vicky E.
Corcoran, Brendan M.
author_sort McNair, Andrew J.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: TGFβ signaling appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in both dogs and humans. However, little is known about the extent of the downstream signaling changes that will then affect cell phenotype and function in both species. OBJECTIVE: Identify changes in downstream signals in the TGFβ pathway in canine MMVD and examine the effects of antagonism of one significant signal (SMAD2 was selected). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Canine cultures of normal quiescent valve interstitial cells (qVICs) and disease-derived activated myofibroblasts (aVICs) (n = 6) were examined for TGFβ signaling protein expression using a commercial antibody array. Significant changes were confirmed, and additional proteins of interest downstream in the TGFβ signaling pathway and markers of cell phenotype were examined (PRAS40, S6K, elF4E IRS-1, αSMA, and VIM), using protein immunoblotting. RT-PCR examined expression of gene markers of VIC activation (ACTA2, TAGLN, and MYH10; encoding the proteins αSMA, SM22, and Smemb, respectively). Attenuation of pSMAD2 in aVICs was examined using a combination of RNA interference technology (siRNA) and the SMAD7 (antagonizes SMAD2) agonist asiaticoside. RESULTS: The antibody array identified significant changes (P < 0.05) in 19 proteins, of which six were phosphorylated (p). There was increased expression of pSMAD2 and pRAC1 and decreased expression of pmTOR, pERK1/2, and pAKT1. Expression of pPRAS40 and pIRS-1 was increased, as was the mTOR downstream transcription factor pS6K, with increased expression of peIF4E in aVICs, indicating negative feedback control of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. SMAD2 antagonism by siRNA and the SMAD7 agonist asiaticoside decreased detection of pSMAD by at least 50%, significantly decreased expression of the aVIC gene markers ACTA2, TAGLN, and MYH10, and pαSMA, pAKT2, and pERK1, but had no effect on pS6K, pERK2, or pVIM expression in aVICs. SMAD2 antagonism transitioned diseased aVICs to normal qVICs, while maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype (VIM+) while concurrently affecting non-canonical TGFβ signaling. CONCLUSION: MMVD is associated with changes in both the canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling pathway. Antagonism of SMAD2 transitions diseased-activated myofibroblasts back to a normal phenotype, providing data that will inform studies on developing novel therapeutics to treat MMVD in dogs and humans.
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spelling pubmed-106136732023-10-31 TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease McNair, Andrew J. Markby, Greg R. Tang, Qiyu MacRae, Vicky E. Corcoran, Brendan M. Front Vet Sci Veterinary Science BACKGROUND: TGFβ signaling appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in both dogs and humans. However, little is known about the extent of the downstream signaling changes that will then affect cell phenotype and function in both species. OBJECTIVE: Identify changes in downstream signals in the TGFβ pathway in canine MMVD and examine the effects of antagonism of one significant signal (SMAD2 was selected). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Canine cultures of normal quiescent valve interstitial cells (qVICs) and disease-derived activated myofibroblasts (aVICs) (n = 6) were examined for TGFβ signaling protein expression using a commercial antibody array. Significant changes were confirmed, and additional proteins of interest downstream in the TGFβ signaling pathway and markers of cell phenotype were examined (PRAS40, S6K, elF4E IRS-1, αSMA, and VIM), using protein immunoblotting. RT-PCR examined expression of gene markers of VIC activation (ACTA2, TAGLN, and MYH10; encoding the proteins αSMA, SM22, and Smemb, respectively). Attenuation of pSMAD2 in aVICs was examined using a combination of RNA interference technology (siRNA) and the SMAD7 (antagonizes SMAD2) agonist asiaticoside. RESULTS: The antibody array identified significant changes (P < 0.05) in 19 proteins, of which six were phosphorylated (p). There was increased expression of pSMAD2 and pRAC1 and decreased expression of pmTOR, pERK1/2, and pAKT1. Expression of pPRAS40 and pIRS-1 was increased, as was the mTOR downstream transcription factor pS6K, with increased expression of peIF4E in aVICs, indicating negative feedback control of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. SMAD2 antagonism by siRNA and the SMAD7 agonist asiaticoside decreased detection of pSMAD by at least 50%, significantly decreased expression of the aVIC gene markers ACTA2, TAGLN, and MYH10, and pαSMA, pAKT2, and pERK1, but had no effect on pS6K, pERK2, or pVIM expression in aVICs. SMAD2 antagonism transitioned diseased aVICs to normal qVICs, while maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype (VIM+) while concurrently affecting non-canonical TGFβ signaling. CONCLUSION: MMVD is associated with changes in both the canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling pathway. Antagonism of SMAD2 transitions diseased-activated myofibroblasts back to a normal phenotype, providing data that will inform studies on developing novel therapeutics to treat MMVD in dogs and humans. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-10-16 /pmc/articles/PMC10613673/ /pubmed/37908840 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1202001 Text en Copyright © 2023 McNair, Markby, Tang, MacRae and Corcoran. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Veterinary Science
McNair, Andrew J.
Markby, Greg R.
Tang, Qiyu
MacRae, Vicky E.
Corcoran, Brendan M.
TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease
title TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease
title_full TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease
title_fullStr TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease
title_full_unstemmed TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease
title_short TGF-β phospho antibody array identifies altered SMAD2, PI3K/AKT/SMAD, and RAC signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease
title_sort tgf-β phospho antibody array identifies altered smad2, pi3k/akt/smad, and rac signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of myxomatous mitral valve disease
topic Veterinary Science
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613673/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37908840
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1202001
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