Blockade of adenosine A(2A) receptors reverses early spatial memory defects in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease by promoting synaptic plasticity of adult-born granule cells

BACKGROUND: The over-activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) is closely implicated in cognitive impairments of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Growing evidence shows that A(2A)R blockade possesses neuroprotective effects on AD. Spatial navigation impairment is an early manifestation of cognitive deficits in AD. However, whether A(2A)R blockade can prevent early impairments in spatial cognitive function and the underlying mechanism is still unclear. METHODS: A transgenic APP/PS1 mouse model of AD amyloidosis was used in this study. Behavioral tests were conducted to observe the protective effects of A(2A)R blockade on early spatial memory deficits in 4-month old APP/PS1 mice. To investigate the underlying synaptic mechanism of the protective effects of A(2A)R blockade, we further examined long-term potentiation (LTP) and network excitation/inhibition balance of dentate gyrus (DG) region, which is relevant to unique synaptic functions of immature adult-born granule cells (abGCs). Subsequently, the protective effects of A(2A)R blockade on dendritic morphology and synaptic plasticity of 6-week-old abGCs was investigated using retrovirus infection and electrophysiological recordings. The molecular mechanisms underlying neuroprotective properties of A(2A)R blockade on the synaptic plasticity of abGCs were further explored using molecular biology methods. RESULTS: APP/PS1 mice displayed DG-dependent spatial memory deficits at an early stage. Additionally, impaired LTP and an imbalance in network excitation/inhibition were observed in the DG region of APP/PS1 mice, indicating synaptic structural and functional abnormalities of abGCs. A(2A)R was found to be upregulated in the hippocampus of the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Treatment with the selective A(2A)R antagonist SCH58261 for three weeks significantly ameliorated spatial memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice and markedly restored LTP and network excitation/inhibition balance in the DG region. Moreover, SCH58261 treatment restored dendritic morphology complexity and enhanced synaptic plasticity of abGCs in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, SCH58261 treatment alleviated the impairment of synaptic plasticity in abGCs. It achieved this by remodeling the subunit composition of NMDA receptors and increasing the proportion of NR2B receptors in abGCs of APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSIONS: Blockade of A(2A)R improves early spatial memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice, possibly by reversing synaptic defects of abGCs. This finding suggests that A(2A)R blockade could be a potential therapy for AD. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-023-01337-z.