Rational therapeutic targets with biomolecular liquid-liquid phase separation regulating synergy: A pan-cancer analysis

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is characterized as an ubiquitous framework for diverse biological processes including carcinogenesis and cancer progression. While targeting cancer from perspective of LLPS offers an opportunity to drug the conventionally undruggables with cancer-driving potential, the therapeutic value of cancer associated LLPS (CAL) proteins remains elusive. Here, we report the genomic landscape, prognostic relevance, immune-infiltration association, down-stream pathway alteration and small molecular responsiveness of CAL protein-coding gene signatures based on protein-coding associated mutations and transcriptional abundance in pan-cancer. Correlations of CAL protein-coding associated mutations and transcriptional abundances to overall survival and progression-free survival were observed in an array of cancers and further characterized by differential survival outcomes between patients with intrinsic disordered region (IDR) enriched and non-IDR enriched mutations in endometrial cancer. Altered signaling pathways and universal pattern of immune infiltrates on account of CAL protein-coding associated gene-set mutations involved key components of oncogenesis in various cancer types and well established therapeutic targets including MAPK signaling pathway and implied an inflamed tumor immunity that might be highly responsive to immunotherapy. LLPS inhibitor enhanced cytotoxicity of cisplatin/paclitaxel in selective cancer cell lines. These findings provide preliminary evidences for rational chemo-, targeted- and immuno-therapeutic innovation with LLPS regulating synergy.