Sex-associated early-life viral innate immune response is transcriptionally associated with chromatin remodeling of type-I IFN-inducible genes

This study investigates sex-associated systemic innate immune differences by examining bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). BMDC grown from 7-day-old mice show enhanced type-I interferon (IFN) signaling in female compared to male BMDC. Upon respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of 7-day-old mice, a significantly altered phenotype of BMDC at 4 weeks post-infection is observed in a sex-dependent manner. The alterations include heightened Ifnb/ interleukin (Il12a) and enhanced IFNAR1 + expression in BMDC from early-life RSV-infected female mice that leads to increased IFN-γ production by T cells. Phenotypic differences were verified upon pulmonary sensitization whereby EL-RSV male-derived BMDC promoted enhanced T helper 2/17 responses and exacerbated disease upon RSV infection while EL-RSV/F BMDC sensitization was relatively protective. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing analysis (ATAC-seq) demonstrated that EL-RSV/F BMDC had enhanced chromatin accessibility near type-I immune genes with JUN, STAT1/2, and IRF1/8 transcription factors predicted to have binding sites in accessible regions. Importantly, ATAC-seq of human cord blood-derived monocytes displayed a similar sex-associated chromatin landscape with female-derived monocytes having more accessibility in type-I immune genes. These studies enhance our understanding of sex-associated differences in innate immunity by epigenetically controlled transcriptional programs amplified by early-life infection in females via type-I immunity.