Novel Mitochondria-Targeted Amphiphilic Aminophosphonium Salts and Lipids Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Antitumor Activity and Toxicity

The creation of mitochondria-targeted vector systems is a new tool for the treatment of socially significant diseases. Phosphonium groups provide targeted delivery of drugs through biological barriers to organelles. For this purpose, a new class of alkyl(diethylAmino)(Phenyl) Phosphonium halides (APPs) containing one, two, or three diethylamino groups was obtained by the reaction of alkyl iodides (bromides) with (diethylamino)(phenyl)phosphines under mild conditions (20 °C) and high yields (93–98%). The structure of APP was established by NMR and XRD. A high in vitro cytotoxicity of APPs against M-HeLa, HuTu 80, PC3, DU-145, PANC-1, and MCF-7 lines was found. The selectivity index is in the range of 0.06–4.0 μM (SI 17-277) for the most active APPs. The effect of APPs on cancer cells is characterized by hyperproduction of ROS and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. APPs induce apoptosis, proceeding along the mitochondrial pathway. Incorporation of APPs into lipid systems (liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles) improves cytotoxicity toward tumor cells and decrease toxicity against normal cell lines. The IC(50)s of lipid systems are lower than for the reference drug DOX, with a high SI (30–56) toward MCF-7 and DU-145. APPs exhibit high selective activity against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus 209P and B. segeus 8035, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA-1, MRSA-2), comparable to the activity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic norfloxacin. A moderate in vivo toxicity in CD-1 mice was established for the lead APP.