Transmission ratio distortion in families from the Framingham Heart Study

BACKGROUND: One implicit assumption in most linkage analysis is that live-born siblings unselected for a phenotype do not share alleles greater than the Mendelian expectation at any particular locus. However, since most families are recruited for genetic studies because of the presence of disease, there is little data available to confirm that this is the case. We hypothesized that loci that behave in a non-Mendelian fashion could be identified using genotype data from the Framingham Heart Study families. We tested the hypothesis that live-born sibs, either stratified by or irrespective of gender, demonstrate excess sharing of alleles on the autosomes, i.e., transmission ratio distortion. Multipoint linkage analysis of siblings either according to gender or not was performed using an allele-sharing method. Such observations may have implications for the mapping of loci for complex disease and quantitative traits in human pedigrees. RESULTS: No results that reached genome-wide significance were observed. However, four regions demonstrated excess sharing of alleles at p < 0.002 when sibships were stratified by gender-three of which were present in males. Of note, a female-specific locus co-localized with region that is linked to mean systolic blood pressure in the same families. In addition, three other regions demonstrated excess sharing of alleles in sibships irrespective of gender, including a region on chromosome 10p14-p15 (p = 7.5 × 10(-4)). CONCLUSION: Although no loci meeting genome-wide significance were detected to demonstrate transmission ratio distortion, loci with suggestive evidence for linkage were detected. These may have implications for the mapping of susceptibility loci for complex disease in human pedigrees.