Norepinephrine enhances the LPS-induced expression of COX-2 and secretion of PGE(2 )in primary rat microglia

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest an important role for neurotransmitters as modulators of inflammation. Neuroinflammatory mediators such as cytokines and molecules of the arachidonic acid pathway are generated and released by microglia. The monoamine norepinephrine reduces the production of cytokines by activated microglia in vitro. However, little is known about the effects of norepinephrine on prostanoid synthesis. In the present study, we investigate the role of norepinephrine on cyclooxygenase- (COX-)2 expression/synthesis and prostaglandin (PG)E(2 )production in rat primary microglia. RESULTS: Interestingly, norepinephrine increased COX-2 mRNA, but not protein expression. Norepinephrine strongly enhanced COX-2 expression and PGE(2 )production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This effect is likely to be mediated by β-adrenoreceptors, since β-, but not α-adrenoreceptor agonists produced similar results. Furthermore, β-adrenoreceptor antagonists blocked the enhancement of COX-2 levels induced by norepinephrine and β-adrenoreceptor agonists. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that PGE(2 )displays different roles in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, norepinephrine may play an important function in the modulation of these processes in pathophysiological conditions.