Anti-apoptotic Activity of Ginsenoside Rb(1) in Hydrogen Peroxide-treated Chondrocytes: Stabilization of Mitochondria and the Inhibition of Caspase-3

Chondrocyte apoptosis has been recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which produces reactive oxygen species, reportedly induces apoptosis in chondrocytes. The ginsenoside Rb(1) (GRb(1)) is the principal component in ginseng and has been shown to have a variety of biological activities, such as anti-arthritis, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor activities. In this study, we evaluated the effects of G-Rb(1) on the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and caspase-3 activity of chondrocyte apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2). Cultured rat articular chondrocytes were exposed to H(2)O(2) with or without G-Rb(1) and assessed for viability, MPT, Bcl-xL/Bax expression, caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis. The co-treatment with G-Rb(1) showed an inhibition of MPT, caspase-3 activity, and cell death. Additionally, the levels of the apoptotic protein Bax were significantly lower and the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL were higher compared with H(2)O(2) treatment alone. The results of this study demonstrate that G-Rb(1) protects chondrocytes against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis, at least in part via the inhibition of MPT and caspase-3 activity. These results demonstrate that G-Rb(1) is a potentially useful drug for the treatment of OA patients.