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“Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction
BACKGROUND: Blood platelets play an essential role in hemostasis, thrombosis and coagulation of blood. Beyond these classic functions their involvement in inflammatory, neoplastic and immune processes was also investigated. It is well known, that platelets have an armament of soluble molecules, fact...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039651/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883111 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-2215-7-55 |
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author | Bódis, József Papp, Szilárd Vermes, István Sulyok, Endre Tamás, Péter Farkas, Bálint Zámbó, Katalin Hatzipetros, Ioannis Kovács, Gábor L |
author_facet | Bódis, József Papp, Szilárd Vermes, István Sulyok, Endre Tamás, Péter Farkas, Bálint Zámbó, Katalin Hatzipetros, Ioannis Kovács, Gábor L |
author_sort | Bódis, József |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Blood platelets play an essential role in hemostasis, thrombosis and coagulation of blood. Beyond these classic functions their involvement in inflammatory, neoplastic and immune processes was also investigated. It is well known, that platelets have an armament of soluble molecules, factors, mediators, chemokines, cytokines and neurotransmitters in their granules, and have multiple adhesion molecules and receptors on their surface. METHODS: Selected relevant literature and own views and experiences as clinical observations have been used. RESULTS: Considering that platelets are indispensable in numerous homeostatic endocrine functions, it is reasonable to suppose that a platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS) may exist; internal or external triggers and/or stimuli may complement and connect regulatory pathways aimed towards target tissues and/or cells. The signal (PAF, or other tissue/cell specific factors) comes from the stimulated (by the e.g., hypophyseal hormones, bacteria, external factors, etc.) organs or cells, and activates platelets. Platelet activation means their aggregation, sludge formation, furthermore the release of the for-mentioned biologically very powerful factors, which can locally amplify and deepen the tissue specific cell reactions. If this process is impaired or inhibited for any reason, the specifically stimulated organ shows hypofunction. When PARS is upregulated, organ hyperfunction may occur that culminate in severe diseases. CONCLUSION: Based on clinical and experimental evidences we propose that platelets modulate the function of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian system. Specifically, hypothalamic GnRH releases FSH from the anterior pituitary, which induces and stimulates follicular and oocyte maturation and steroid hormone secretion in the ovary. At the same time follicular cells enhance PAF production. Through these pathways activated platelets are accumulated in the follicular vessels surrounding the follicle and due to its released soluble molecules (factors, mediators, chemokines, cytokines, neurotransmitters) locally increase oocyte maturation and hormone secretion. Therefore we suggest that platelets are not only a small participant but may be the conductor or active mediator of this complex regulatory system which has several unrevealed mechanisms. In other words platelets are corpuscular messengers, or are more than a member of the family providing hemostasis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4039651 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40396512014-06-01 “Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction Bódis, József Papp, Szilárd Vermes, István Sulyok, Endre Tamás, Péter Farkas, Bálint Zámbó, Katalin Hatzipetros, Ioannis Kovács, Gábor L J Ovarian Res Review BACKGROUND: Blood platelets play an essential role in hemostasis, thrombosis and coagulation of blood. Beyond these classic functions their involvement in inflammatory, neoplastic and immune processes was also investigated. It is well known, that platelets have an armament of soluble molecules, factors, mediators, chemokines, cytokines and neurotransmitters in their granules, and have multiple adhesion molecules and receptors on their surface. METHODS: Selected relevant literature and own views and experiences as clinical observations have been used. RESULTS: Considering that platelets are indispensable in numerous homeostatic endocrine functions, it is reasonable to suppose that a platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS) may exist; internal or external triggers and/or stimuli may complement and connect regulatory pathways aimed towards target tissues and/or cells. The signal (PAF, or other tissue/cell specific factors) comes from the stimulated (by the e.g., hypophyseal hormones, bacteria, external factors, etc.) organs or cells, and activates platelets. Platelet activation means their aggregation, sludge formation, furthermore the release of the for-mentioned biologically very powerful factors, which can locally amplify and deepen the tissue specific cell reactions. If this process is impaired or inhibited for any reason, the specifically stimulated organ shows hypofunction. When PARS is upregulated, organ hyperfunction may occur that culminate in severe diseases. CONCLUSION: Based on clinical and experimental evidences we propose that platelets modulate the function of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian system. Specifically, hypothalamic GnRH releases FSH from the anterior pituitary, which induces and stimulates follicular and oocyte maturation and steroid hormone secretion in the ovary. At the same time follicular cells enhance PAF production. Through these pathways activated platelets are accumulated in the follicular vessels surrounding the follicle and due to its released soluble molecules (factors, mediators, chemokines, cytokines, neurotransmitters) locally increase oocyte maturation and hormone secretion. Therefore we suggest that platelets are not only a small participant but may be the conductor or active mediator of this complex regulatory system which has several unrevealed mechanisms. In other words platelets are corpuscular messengers, or are more than a member of the family providing hemostasis. BioMed Central 2014-05-16 /pmc/articles/PMC4039651/ /pubmed/24883111 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-2215-7-55 Text en Copyright © 2014 Bódis et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Review Bódis, József Papp, Szilárd Vermes, István Sulyok, Endre Tamás, Péter Farkas, Bálint Zámbó, Katalin Hatzipetros, Ioannis Kovács, Gábor L “Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction |
title | “Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction |
title_full | “Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction |
title_fullStr | “Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction |
title_full_unstemmed | “Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction |
title_short | “Platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS)” with particular reference to female reproduction |
title_sort | “platelet-associated regulatory system (pars)” with particular reference to female reproduction |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039651/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883111 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-2215-7-55 |
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