Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5 promotes the accuracy of start codon recognition by regulating P(i) release and conformational transitions of the preinitiation complex

eIF5 is the GTPase activating protein (GAP) for the eIF2·GTP·Met-tRNA(i)(Met) ternary complex with a critical role in initiation codon selection. Previous work suggested that the eIF5 mutation G31R/SUI5 elevates initiation at UUG codons by increasing GAP function. Subsequent work implicated eIF5 in rearrangement of the preinitiation complex (PIC) from an open, scanning conformation to a closed state at AUG codons, from which P(i) is released from eIF2·GDP·P(i). To identify eIF5 functions crucial for accurate initiation, we investigated the consequences of G31R on GTP hydrolysis and P(i) release, and the effects of intragenic G31R suppressors on these reactions, and on the partitioning of PICs between open and closed states. eIF5-G31R altered regulation of P(i) release, accelerating it at UUG while decreasing it at AUG codons, consistent with its ability to stabilize the closed complex at UUG. Suppressor G62S mitigates both defects of G31R, accounting for its efficient suppression of UUG initiation in G31R,G62S cells; however suppressor M18V impairs GTP hydrolysis with little effect on PIC conformation. The strong defect in GTP hydrolysis conferred by M18V likely explains its broad suppression of Sui(−) mutations in numerous factors. We conclude that both of eIF5's functions, regulating P(i) release and stabilizing the closed PIC conformation, contribute to stringent AUG selection in vivo.