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Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an atrial septal deformity present in around 25% of the general population. PFO is associated with major causes of morbidity, including stroke and migraine. PFO appears to be heritable but genes involved in the closure of foramen ovale have not been identified. The aim...

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Autores principales: Elliott, Graeme C., Gurtu, Rockesh, McCollum, Charles, Newman, William G., Wang, Tao
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4162597/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25215881
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107175
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author Elliott, Graeme C.
Gurtu, Rockesh
McCollum, Charles
Newman, William G.
Wang, Tao
author_facet Elliott, Graeme C.
Gurtu, Rockesh
McCollum, Charles
Newman, William G.
Wang, Tao
author_sort Elliott, Graeme C.
collection PubMed
description Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an atrial septal deformity present in around 25% of the general population. PFO is associated with major causes of morbidity, including stroke and migraine. PFO appears to be heritable but genes involved in the closure of foramen ovale have not been identified. The aim of this study is to determine molecular pathways and genes that are responsible to the postnatal closure of the foramen ovale. Using Sprague-Dawley rat hearts as a model we analysed the dynamic histological changes and gene expressions at the foramen ovale region between embryonic day 20 and postnatal day 7. We observed a gradual loss of the endothelial marker PECAM1, an upregulation of the mesenchymal marker vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, the elevation of the transcription factor Snail, and an increase of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in the foramen ovale region as well as the deposition of collagen-rich connective tissues at the closed foramen ovale, suggesting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) occurring during foramen ovale closure which leads to fibrosis. In addition, Notch1 and Notch3 receptors, Notch ligand Jagged1 and Notch effector HRT1 were highly expressed in the endocardium of the foramen ovale region during EndMT. Activation of Notch3 alone in an endothelial cell culture model was able to drive EndMT and transform endothelial cells to mesenchymal phenotype. Our data demonstrate for the first time that FO closure is a process of EndMT-mediated fibrosis, and Notch signalling is an important player participating in this process. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of the closure of foramen ovale informs the pathogenesis of PFO and may provide potential options for screening and prevention of PFO related conditions.
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spelling pubmed-41625972014-09-17 Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis Elliott, Graeme C. Gurtu, Rockesh McCollum, Charles Newman, William G. Wang, Tao PLoS One Research Article Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an atrial septal deformity present in around 25% of the general population. PFO is associated with major causes of morbidity, including stroke and migraine. PFO appears to be heritable but genes involved in the closure of foramen ovale have not been identified. The aim of this study is to determine molecular pathways and genes that are responsible to the postnatal closure of the foramen ovale. Using Sprague-Dawley rat hearts as a model we analysed the dynamic histological changes and gene expressions at the foramen ovale region between embryonic day 20 and postnatal day 7. We observed a gradual loss of the endothelial marker PECAM1, an upregulation of the mesenchymal marker vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, the elevation of the transcription factor Snail, and an increase of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in the foramen ovale region as well as the deposition of collagen-rich connective tissues at the closed foramen ovale, suggesting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) occurring during foramen ovale closure which leads to fibrosis. In addition, Notch1 and Notch3 receptors, Notch ligand Jagged1 and Notch effector HRT1 were highly expressed in the endocardium of the foramen ovale region during EndMT. Activation of Notch3 alone in an endothelial cell culture model was able to drive EndMT and transform endothelial cells to mesenchymal phenotype. Our data demonstrate for the first time that FO closure is a process of EndMT-mediated fibrosis, and Notch signalling is an important player participating in this process. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of the closure of foramen ovale informs the pathogenesis of PFO and may provide potential options for screening and prevention of PFO related conditions. Public Library of Science 2014-09-12 /pmc/articles/PMC4162597/ /pubmed/25215881 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107175 Text en © 2014 Elliott et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Elliott, Graeme C.
Gurtu, Rockesh
McCollum, Charles
Newman, William G.
Wang, Tao
Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis
title Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis
title_full Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis
title_fullStr Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis
title_full_unstemmed Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis
title_short Foramen Ovale Closure Is a Process of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Leading to Fibrosis
title_sort foramen ovale closure is a process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition leading to fibrosis
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4162597/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25215881
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107175
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