The impact of co-administration of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of apremilast in healthy volunteers

AIMS: Two clinical studies were conducted to determine possible drug−drug interactions between apremilast and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, ketoconazole, or a potent CYP3A4 inducer, rifampicin. The main objectives of these two studies were to evaluate the impact of multiple doses of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of apremilast and its metabolites, and the effect of multiple oral doses of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of apremilast. METHODS: These single centre, open label, sequential treatment studies in healthy subjects included two treatment periods for ketoconazole and three treatment periods for rifampicin. Apremilast was administered as a 20 mg (ketoconazole study) or 30 mg (rifampicin study) single oral dose. RESULTS: Ketoconazole increases overall exposure (AUC(0,∞)) of apremilast by ≈36% (2827 vs. 2072 ng ml(−1) h, 90% CI = 126.2, 147.5) and peak exposure (C(max)) by 5% (247 vs. 236 ng ml(−1)). Multiple doses of rifampicin increase apremilast clearance ≈3.6-fold and decrease apremilast mean AUC(0,∞) by ≈72% (3120 vs. 869 ng ml(−1) h, 90% CI = 25.7, 30.4) and C(max) (from 290 vs. 166 ng ml(−1)) relative to that of apremilast given alone. A 30 min intravenous infusion of rifampicin 600 mg had negligible effects on the overall exposure (AUC(0,∞)) of apremilast (2980 vs. 3120 ng ml(−1) h, 90% CI = 88.0, 104.1). CONCLUSION: Ketoconazole slightly decreased apremilast clearance, resulting in a small increase in AUC which is probably not meaningful clinically. However, the effect of CYP3A4 induction by rifampicin on apremilast clearance is much more pronounced than that of CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole. Strong CYP3A4 inducers may result in a loss of efficacy of apremilast because of decreased drug exposure.