Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily?

Nuclear genome sequencing from extremophilic eukaryotes has revealed clues about the mechanisms of adaptation to extreme environments, but the functional consequences of extremophily on organellar genomes are unknown. To address this issue, we assembled the mitochondrial and plastid genomes from a p...

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Autores principales: Jain, Kanika, Krause, Kirsten, Grewe, Felix, Nelson, Gaven F., Weber, Andreas P. M., Christensen, Alan C., Mower, Jeffrey P.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316638/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25552531
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu290
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author Jain, Kanika
Krause, Kirsten
Grewe, Felix
Nelson, Gaven F.
Weber, Andreas P. M.
Christensen, Alan C.
Mower, Jeffrey P.
author_facet Jain, Kanika
Krause, Kirsten
Grewe, Felix
Nelson, Gaven F.
Weber, Andreas P. M.
Christensen, Alan C.
Mower, Jeffrey P.
author_sort Jain, Kanika
collection PubMed
description Nuclear genome sequencing from extremophilic eukaryotes has revealed clues about the mechanisms of adaptation to extreme environments, but the functional consequences of extremophily on organellar genomes are unknown. To address this issue, we assembled the mitochondrial and plastid genomes from a polyextremophilic red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria strain 074 W, and performed a comparative genomic analysis with other red algae and more broadly across eukaryotes. The mitogenome is highly reduced in size and genetic content and exhibits the highest guanine–cytosine skew of any known genome and the fastest substitution rate among all red algae. The plastid genome contains a large number of intergenic stem-loop structures but is otherwise rather typical in size, structure, and content in comparison with other red algae. We suggest that these unique genomic modifications result not only from the harsh conditions in which Galdieria lives but also from its unusual capability to grow heterotrophically, endolithically, and in the dark. These conditions place additional mutational pressures on the mitogenome due to the increased reliance on the mitochondrion for energy production, whereas the decreased reliance on photosynthesis and the presence of numerous stem-loop structures may shield the plastome from similar genomic stress.
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spelling pubmed-43166382015-02-19 Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily? Jain, Kanika Krause, Kirsten Grewe, Felix Nelson, Gaven F. Weber, Andreas P. M. Christensen, Alan C. Mower, Jeffrey P. Genome Biol Evol Research Article Nuclear genome sequencing from extremophilic eukaryotes has revealed clues about the mechanisms of adaptation to extreme environments, but the functional consequences of extremophily on organellar genomes are unknown. To address this issue, we assembled the mitochondrial and plastid genomes from a polyextremophilic red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria strain 074 W, and performed a comparative genomic analysis with other red algae and more broadly across eukaryotes. The mitogenome is highly reduced in size and genetic content and exhibits the highest guanine–cytosine skew of any known genome and the fastest substitution rate among all red algae. The plastid genome contains a large number of intergenic stem-loop structures but is otherwise rather typical in size, structure, and content in comparison with other red algae. We suggest that these unique genomic modifications result not only from the harsh conditions in which Galdieria lives but also from its unusual capability to grow heterotrophically, endolithically, and in the dark. These conditions place additional mutational pressures on the mitogenome due to the increased reliance on the mitochondrion for energy production, whereas the decreased reliance on photosynthesis and the presence of numerous stem-loop structures may shield the plastome from similar genomic stress. Oxford University Press 2014-12-30 /pmc/articles/PMC4316638/ /pubmed/25552531 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu290 Text en © The Author(s) 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
spellingShingle Research Article
Jain, Kanika
Krause, Kirsten
Grewe, Felix
Nelson, Gaven F.
Weber, Andreas P. M.
Christensen, Alan C.
Mower, Jeffrey P.
Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily?
title Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily?
title_full Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily?
title_fullStr Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily?
title_full_unstemmed Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily?
title_short Extreme Features of the Galdieria sulphuraria Organellar Genomes: A Consequence of Polyextremophily?
title_sort extreme features of the galdieria sulphuraria organellar genomes: a consequence of polyextremophily?
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316638/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25552531
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evu290
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