Balanced splicing at the Tat-specific HIV-1 3′ss A3 is critical for HIV-1 replication

BACKGROUND: The viral regulatory protein Tat is essential for establishing a productive transcription from the 5′-LTR promoter during the early phase of viral gene expression. Formation of the Tat-encoding mRNAs requires splicing at the viral 3′ss A3, which has previously been shown to be both negatively and positively regulated by the downstream splicing regulatory elements (SREs) ESS2p and ESE2/ESS2. However, using the novel RESCUE-type computational HEXplorer algorithm, we were recently able to identify another splicing enhancer (ESE(5807-5838), henceforth referred to as ESE(tat)) located between ESS2p and ESE2/ESS2. Here we show that ESE(tat) has a great impact on viral tat-mRNA splicing and that it is fundamental for regulated 3′ss A3 usage. RESULTS: Mutational inactivation or locked nucleic acid (LNA)-directed masking of the ESE(tat) sequence in the context of a replication-competent virus was associated with a failure (i) to activate viral 3′ss A3 and (ii) to accumulate Tat-encoding mRNA species. Consequently, due to insufficient amounts of Tat protein efficient viral replication was drastically impaired. RNA in vitro binding assays revealed SRSF2 and SRSF6 as candidate splicing factors acting through ESE(tat) and ESE2 for 3′ss A3 activation. This notion was supported by coexpression experiments, in which wild-type, but not ESE(tat)-negative provirus responded to higher levels of SRSF2 and SRSF6 proteins with higher levels of tat-mRNA splicing. Remarkably, we could also find that SRSF6 overexpression established an antiviral state within provirus-transfected cells, efficiently blocking virus particle production. For the anti-HIV-1 activity the arginine-serine (RS)-rich domain of the splicing factor was dispensable. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, we propose that splicing at 3′ss A3 is dependent on binding of the enhancing SR proteins SRSF2 and SRSF6 to the ESE(tat) and ESE2 sequence. Mutational inactivation or interference specifically with ESE(tat) activity by LNA-directed masking seem to account for an early stage defect in viral gene expression, probably by cutting off the supply line of Tat that HIV needs to efficiently transcribe its genome.