Tissue biodistribution of intravenously administrated titanium dioxide nanoparticles revealed blood-brain barrier clearance and brain inflammation in rat

BACKGROUND: Notwithstanding increasing knowledge of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2) NPs) passing through biological barriers, their biodistribution to the central nervous system (CNS) and potential effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) physiology remain poorly characterized. METHODS: Here, we report time-related responses from single-dose intravenous (IV) administration of 1 mg/kg TiO(2) NPs to rats, with particular emphasis on titanium (Ti) quantification in the brain. Ti content in tissues was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Integrity and functionality of the BBB as well as brain inflammation were characterized using a panel of methods including RT-PCR, immuno-histo chemistry and transporter activity evaluation. RESULTS: Biokinetic analysis revealed Ti biopersistence in liver, lungs and spleen up to one year after TiO(2) NPs administration. A significant increase of Ti in the brain was observed at early end points followed by a subsequent decrease. In-depth analysis of Ti in the total brain demonstrated quantitative Ti uptake and clearance by brain microvasculature endothelial cells (BECs) with minimal translocation in the brain parenchyma. The presence of Ti in the BECs did not affect BBB integrity, despite rapid reversible modulation of breast cancer resistance protein activity. Ti biopersistence in organs such as liver was associated with significant increases of tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and occludin), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10) in BECs and also increased levels of IL-1β in brain parenchyma despite lack of evidence of Ti in the brain. These findings mentioned suggest potential effect of Ti present at a distance from the brain possibly via mediators transported by blood. Exposure of an in vitro BBB model to sera from TiO(2) NPs-treated animals confirmed the tightness of the BBB and inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings suggest the clearance of TiO(2) NPs at the BBB with persistent brain inflammation and underscore the role of Ti biopersistence in organs that can exert indirect effects on the CNS dependent on circulating factors. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0102-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.