AFM(1) in Milk: Physical, Biological, and Prophylactic Methods to Mitigate Contamination

Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic, carcinogenic, immunosuppressive secondary metabolites produced by some Aspergillus species which colonize crops, including many dietary staple foods and feed components. AFB(1) is the prevalent and most toxic among AFs. In the liver, it is biotransformed into AFM(1), which is then excreted into the milk of lactating mammals, including dairy animals. AFM(1) has been shown to be cause of both acute and chronic toxicoses. The presence of AFM(1) in milk and dairy products represents a worldwide concern since even small amounts of this metabolite may be of importance as long-term exposure is concerned. Contamination of milk may be mitigated either directly, decreasing the AFM(1) content in contaminated milk, or indirectly, decreasing AFB(1) contamination in the feed of dairy animals. Current strategies for AFM(1) mitigation include good agricultural practices in pre-harvest and post-harvest management of feed crops (including storage) and physical or chemical decontamination of feed and milk. However, no single strategy offers a complete solution to the issue.